1 00:00:06,070 --> 00:00:04,230 hello everyone 2 00:00:08,549 --> 00:00:06,080 and welcome to the science writers 3 00:00:10,709 --> 00:00:08,559 workshop on the roman space telescope 4 00:00:12,070 --> 00:00:10,719 hosted by the space telescope science 5 00:00:14,070 --> 00:00:12,080 institute 6 00:00:15,509 --> 00:00:14,080 i'm christine pulliam and i'll be your 7 00:00:16,950 --> 00:00:15,519 host 8 00:00:19,109 --> 00:00:16,960 this workshop features a panel of 9 00:00:21,029 --> 00:00:19,119 speakers on a variety of topics 10 00:00:22,790 --> 00:00:21,039 the format of the workshop is that we'll 11 00:00:24,550 --> 00:00:22,800 go through all of the speakers in order 12 00:00:25,910 --> 00:00:24,560 and then open it up to questions and 13 00:00:27,589 --> 00:00:25,920 answers 14 00:00:30,150 --> 00:00:27,599 you can ask questions by typing them 15 00:00:31,349 --> 00:00:30,160 into the youtube chat window 16 00:00:32,709 --> 00:00:31,359 please note that you can type your 17 00:00:34,389 --> 00:00:32,719 questions at any time during this 18 00:00:36,870 --> 00:00:34,399 workshop and we'll work our way through 19 00:00:39,990 --> 00:00:36,880 them during the q a 20 00:00:42,630 --> 00:00:40,000 and now let me introduce our speakers 21 00:00:43,670 --> 00:00:42,640 dr olivia lupe from the nasa goddard 22 00:00:45,670 --> 00:00:43,680 space flight center 23 00:00:47,590 --> 00:00:45,680 will tell us about nancy grace roman and 24 00:00:49,750 --> 00:00:47,600 her legacy 25 00:00:51,430 --> 00:00:49,760 dr julie mcenery from the nasa goddard 26 00:00:53,590 --> 00:00:51,440 space flight center will introduce the 27 00:00:55,189 --> 00:00:53,600 roman space telescope and its wide field 28 00:00:57,270 --> 00:00:55,199 instrument 29 00:00:59,189 --> 00:00:57,280 dr jason rhodes from the nasa jet 30 00:01:01,590 --> 00:00:59,199 propulsion laboratory will introduce the 31 00:01:03,590 --> 00:01:01,600 coronagraph instrument 32 00:01:05,429 --> 00:01:03,600 nobel laureate dr adam reese of the 33 00:01:06,870 --> 00:01:05,439 space telescope science institute and 34 00:01:09,990 --> 00:01:06,880 johns hopkins university 35 00:01:10,550 --> 00:01:10,000 will tell us about the dark universe dr 36 00:01:13,590 --> 00:01:10,560 rachel 37 00:01:15,590 --> 00:01:13,600 institute and 38 00:01:18,149 --> 00:01:15,600 rutgers university will tell us about 39 00:01:20,230 --> 00:01:18,159 galaxies across cosmic time 40 00:01:22,390 --> 00:01:20,240 and dr harry ferguson from the space 41 00:01:22,789 --> 00:01:22,400 telescope science institute will tell us 42 00:01:26,230 --> 00:01:22,799 about 43 00:01:34,550 --> 00:01:26,240 science synergies of the 2020s 44 00:01:52,830 --> 00:01:37,749 thank you christine this is olivia loopy 45 00:02:01,590 --> 00:01:55,030 okay 46 00:02:02,709 --> 00:02:01,600 the page you're good to go very good 47 00:02:04,709 --> 00:02:02,719 thank you very much 48 00:02:06,789 --> 00:02:04,719 i uh i'm honored to be talking about 49 00:02:10,150 --> 00:02:06,799 nancy grace roman 50 00:02:12,630 --> 00:02:10,160 at this workshop and i'm also honored 51 00:02:15,030 --> 00:02:12,640 to be on this panel with with my very 52 00:02:16,710 --> 00:02:15,040 very distinguished colleagues 53 00:02:18,309 --> 00:02:16,720 i'd like to read this to you very 54 00:02:20,070 --> 00:02:18,319 quickly um 55 00:02:22,150 --> 00:02:20,080 we named great things after someone to 56 00:02:24,309 --> 00:02:22,160 honor profound discovery a singular 57 00:02:26,229 --> 00:02:24,319 contribution to a discipline 58 00:02:27,750 --> 00:02:26,239 we named great creations after people 59 00:02:29,830 --> 00:02:27,760 who were trailblazers 60 00:02:32,630 --> 00:02:29,840 the first to achieve a pivotal goal when 61 00:02:34,550 --> 00:02:32,640 conditions were not favorable to do so 62 00:02:36,550 --> 00:02:34,560 when challenges were astronomical they 63 00:02:38,229 --> 00:02:36,560 drove themselves tirelessly to turn 64 00:02:40,470 --> 00:02:38,239 nothing into something 65 00:02:42,309 --> 00:02:40,480 and in doing so they continue to inspire 66 00:02:44,869 --> 00:02:42,319 us they give to us a vision 67 00:02:45,830 --> 00:02:44,879 and they power our hope and when an 68 00:02:47,910 --> 00:02:45,840 esteemed person 69 00:02:49,350 --> 00:02:47,920 achieves these great things but you know 70 00:02:52,070 --> 00:02:49,360 with the gentle 71 00:02:53,750 --> 00:02:52,080 voice with modesty and fairness and when 72 00:02:56,550 --> 00:02:53,760 integrity and passion drive 73 00:02:57,190 --> 00:02:56,560 every action the honor we bestow is deep 74 00:03:02,949 --> 00:02:57,200 seated 75 00:03:07,509 --> 00:03:02,959 and heartfelt dr nancy grace roman 76 00:03:11,670 --> 00:03:07,519 to 1925-2018 and the nancy grace roman 77 00:03:12,550 --> 00:03:11,680 space telescope so who is nancy grace 78 00:03:15,670 --> 00:03:12,560 roman 79 00:03:16,949 --> 00:03:15,680 well she was born curious she was a 80 00:03:19,589 --> 00:03:16,959 scientist a doctor 81 00:03:22,470 --> 00:03:19,599 of astronomy she was the first female 82 00:03:24,869 --> 00:03:22,480 professor at the university of chicago 83 00:03:26,390 --> 00:03:24,879 she was nasa's first chief of astronomy 84 00:03:27,910 --> 00:03:26,400 and first women to hold 85 00:03:29,509 --> 00:03:27,920 first woman to hold an executive 86 00:03:31,910 --> 00:03:29,519 position she won 87 00:03:34,390 --> 00:03:31,920 numerous awards which will which we'll 88 00:03:37,110 --> 00:03:34,400 take a look at in a little while 89 00:03:38,229 --> 00:03:37,120 she spent her lifetime as a champion of 90 00:03:41,670 --> 00:03:38,239 education 91 00:03:43,270 --> 00:03:41,680 stem and women in the sciences 92 00:03:45,350 --> 00:03:43,280 she was the mother of the hubble space 93 00:03:47,030 --> 00:03:45,360 telescope and now 94 00:03:48,869 --> 00:03:47,040 she has the next nasa's great 95 00:03:52,470 --> 00:03:48,879 observatory wfirst 96 00:03:55,670 --> 00:03:52,480 named after her so 97 00:03:58,229 --> 00:03:55,680 she was born curious um 98 00:03:59,670 --> 00:03:58,239 at a very early age her mother took her 99 00:04:03,670 --> 00:03:59,680 on nature walks 100 00:04:06,949 --> 00:04:03,680 stargazing at starting at age five 101 00:04:08,309 --> 00:04:06,959 her father came up with these games 102 00:04:10,630 --> 00:04:08,319 that she could play and she had a lot of 103 00:04:12,309 --> 00:04:10,640 fun doing it where she would 104 00:04:14,070 --> 00:04:12,319 where he would ask her questions and she 105 00:04:17,270 --> 00:04:14,080 would do mental arithmetic in her 106 00:04:18,870 --> 00:04:17,280 head this was at aj she started an 107 00:04:21,270 --> 00:04:18,880 astronomy club 108 00:04:22,790 --> 00:04:21,280 at age 10 and they looked at this book 109 00:04:24,950 --> 00:04:22,800 seeing stars 110 00:04:27,030 --> 00:04:24,960 to learn all the constellations and of 111 00:04:30,870 --> 00:04:27,040 course she decided to be an astronomer 112 00:04:35,030 --> 00:04:30,880 at age 12. many many of us astronomers 113 00:04:39,749 --> 00:04:37,990 okay so there were other dimensions to 114 00:04:42,070 --> 00:04:39,759 her childhood 115 00:04:43,030 --> 00:04:42,080 due to her father's job the family moved 116 00:04:45,749 --> 00:04:43,040 frequently 117 00:04:48,150 --> 00:04:45,759 five states by three years old eight 118 00:04:50,629 --> 00:04:48,160 schools prior to high school 119 00:04:51,830 --> 00:04:50,639 and every time she had to go to a new 120 00:04:54,870 --> 00:04:51,840 school she had 121 00:04:57,350 --> 00:04:54,880 to study extra to learn the curriculum 122 00:04:57,909 --> 00:04:57,360 because the curricula were different and 123 00:04:59,590 --> 00:04:57,919 i was 124 00:05:01,830 --> 00:04:59,600 talking to her a few years ago about 125 00:05:02,629 --> 00:05:01,840 this and i asked her you know you were 126 00:05:05,590 --> 00:05:02,639 the new kid 127 00:05:06,230 --> 00:05:05,600 in class all the time you're permanently 128 00:05:10,870 --> 00:05:06,240 the new kid 129 00:05:13,990 --> 00:05:10,880 this frustrate you 130 00:05:17,510 --> 00:05:14,000 did all the extra work make you sad 131 00:05:19,590 --> 00:05:17,520 she said no i just got on with it 132 00:05:21,189 --> 00:05:19,600 she did say this what bothered me the 133 00:05:22,870 --> 00:05:21,199 most is that i found it difficult to 134 00:05:24,390 --> 00:05:22,880 make close friends 135 00:05:25,990 --> 00:05:24,400 although i probably would have been an 136 00:05:29,189 --> 00:05:26,000 introverted bookworm 137 00:05:30,710 --> 00:05:29,199 the impermanence did not help also 138 00:05:32,629 --> 00:05:30,720 from a very early age she was 139 00:05:34,469 --> 00:05:32,639 discouraged 140 00:05:35,749 --> 00:05:34,479 to go into a career in science because 141 00:05:37,270 --> 00:05:35,759 she was a woman 142 00:05:38,950 --> 00:05:37,280 her parents were supportive but 143 00:05:41,590 --> 00:05:38,960 concerned anyway 144 00:05:42,390 --> 00:05:41,600 all these experiences that she had as a 145 00:05:44,550 --> 00:05:42,400 child 146 00:05:46,070 --> 00:05:44,560 made her flexible determined stubborn 147 00:05:47,670 --> 00:05:46,080 and open to new things 148 00:05:49,270 --> 00:05:47,680 all of which you will see that she 149 00:05:52,870 --> 00:05:49,280 needed throughout her life 150 00:05:54,230 --> 00:05:52,880 and career nancy grace roman went to 151 00:05:56,710 --> 00:05:54,240 swarthmore college 152 00:05:57,990 --> 00:05:56,720 got a ba in astronomy she credited 153 00:06:00,790 --> 00:05:58,000 swarthmore for 154 00:06:01,350 --> 00:06:00,800 uh her interesting life she blossomed 155 00:06:04,150 --> 00:06:01,360 there 156 00:06:04,550 --> 00:06:04,160 she blossomed in terms of her social 157 00:06:07,029 --> 00:06:04,560 life 158 00:06:07,670 --> 00:06:07,039 her openness to new interests and new 159 00:06:10,710 --> 00:06:07,680 things 160 00:06:13,510 --> 00:06:10,720 and to social issues then after 161 00:06:14,790 --> 00:06:13,520 college she went to the university of uh 162 00:06:18,390 --> 00:06:14,800 chicago 163 00:06:18,870 --> 00:06:18,400 and got her phd at that time she wrote 164 00:06:20,870 --> 00:06:18,880 many 165 00:06:21,990 --> 00:06:20,880 excellent astronomy papers fundamental 166 00:06:25,029 --> 00:06:22,000 papers 167 00:06:25,909 --> 00:06:25,039 but she wrote a landmark paper in 1950 168 00:06:28,629 --> 00:06:25,919 which 169 00:06:30,629 --> 00:06:28,639 actually was on the list of 100 most 170 00:06:32,790 --> 00:06:30,639 important astronomy papers 171 00:06:35,189 --> 00:06:32,800 in the 100 years of the astrophysical 172 00:06:36,710 --> 00:06:35,199 journal which is the astrophysical 173 00:06:38,629 --> 00:06:36,720 journal was the main 174 00:06:41,189 --> 00:06:38,639 is the main astronomical journal 175 00:06:44,309 --> 00:06:41,199 professional journal for astronomers 176 00:06:46,710 --> 00:06:44,319 after her phd she remained at yerkes she 177 00:06:50,390 --> 00:06:46,720 was an instructor researcher and then an 178 00:06:57,830 --> 00:06:54,469 during these times she continued to grow 179 00:07:00,790 --> 00:06:57,840 she said that her foundation her science 180 00:07:02,469 --> 00:07:00,800 education was excellent at yerkes when 181 00:07:04,790 --> 00:07:02,479 she was in grad school 182 00:07:06,469 --> 00:07:04,800 but quote it was clear that they the 183 00:07:08,309 --> 00:07:06,479 astronomy department did not want to 184 00:07:11,589 --> 00:07:08,319 educate women 185 00:07:15,589 --> 00:07:11,599 so she had hurdles to overcome always 186 00:07:16,550 --> 00:07:15,599 hurdles she was ignored by her thesis 187 00:07:18,230 --> 00:07:16,560 advisor 188 00:07:20,870 --> 00:07:18,240 while she was writing her thesis she was 189 00:07:24,150 --> 00:07:20,880 ignored for six months 190 00:07:26,710 --> 00:07:24,160 and i was talking to her about this um 191 00:07:27,430 --> 00:07:26,720 again at the you know a few years ago 192 00:07:30,790 --> 00:07:27,440 and 193 00:07:32,390 --> 00:07:30,800 devastated me 194 00:07:34,469 --> 00:07:32,400 i would have been disillusioned and i 195 00:07:36,469 --> 00:07:34,479 probably would have quit i mean i don't 196 00:07:37,430 --> 00:07:36,479 know how i could recover from my thesis 197 00:07:39,270 --> 00:07:37,440 advisor not 198 00:07:40,629 --> 00:07:39,280 not only not helping me but not talking 199 00:07:43,430 --> 00:07:40,639 to me 200 00:07:44,150 --> 00:07:43,440 and she said no i didn't know why it 201 00:07:46,390 --> 00:07:44,160 happened 202 00:07:48,309 --> 00:07:46,400 but i just got on with it and she did 203 00:07:50,710 --> 00:07:48,319 she talked to other professors 204 00:07:52,150 --> 00:07:50,720 she got help from visiting astronomers 205 00:07:54,550 --> 00:07:52,160 she she 206 00:07:57,430 --> 00:07:54,560 figured out how to continue her thesis 207 00:08:01,909 --> 00:07:57,440 work and she did she graduated 208 00:08:03,430 --> 00:08:01,919 she graduated in time with her phd 209 00:08:05,430 --> 00:08:03,440 then afterwards she was working at 210 00:08:07,270 --> 00:08:05,440 yerkes she was 211 00:08:09,909 --> 00:08:07,280 curious about why she was getting paid 212 00:08:12,309 --> 00:08:09,919 less than some of the techs 213 00:08:13,029 --> 00:08:12,319 who had bachelor's degrees and far less 214 00:08:16,230 --> 00:08:13,039 experience 215 00:08:19,510 --> 00:08:16,240 than her and she went to her her um 216 00:08:21,430 --> 00:08:19,520 department chair asked about it and 217 00:08:22,710 --> 00:08:21,440 another professor uh super minion 218 00:08:25,990 --> 00:08:22,720 chandrasekhar who 219 00:08:28,869 --> 00:08:26,000 was a nobel prize winner in 1983 and 220 00:08:29,830 --> 00:08:28,879 just a wonderful wonderful astronomer 221 00:08:32,149 --> 00:08:29,840 but 222 00:08:32,949 --> 00:08:32,159 he said and she says he said this 223 00:08:34,949 --> 00:08:32,959 innocently 224 00:08:37,430 --> 00:08:34,959 we don't discriminate against women we 225 00:08:39,509 --> 00:08:37,440 can get them for less 226 00:08:42,310 --> 00:08:39,519 anyway this made her resilient 227 00:08:47,110 --> 00:08:42,320 self-reliant creative dedicated 228 00:08:47,120 --> 00:08:52,790 so um oops sorry about that 229 00:08:52,800 --> 00:09:01,030 oh sorry about that 230 00:09:07,269 --> 00:09:05,110 okay so she so uh after 231 00:09:09,350 --> 00:09:07,279 after yerkes observatory she went to the 232 00:09:12,310 --> 00:09:09,360 naval research lab 233 00:09:13,110 --> 00:09:12,320 during that time nasa emerged in 1958 234 00:09:15,350 --> 00:09:13,120 and she was 235 00:09:16,710 --> 00:09:15,360 asked by a colleague do you know anyone 236 00:09:18,949 --> 00:09:16,720 who may want to set up 237 00:09:20,150 --> 00:09:18,959 an astronomy space astronomy program at 238 00:09:23,590 --> 00:09:20,160 nasa 239 00:09:23,990 --> 00:09:23,600 and um and she did and she she became 240 00:09:26,870 --> 00:09:24,000 head 241 00:09:28,870 --> 00:09:26,880 of observational astronomy in 1959 242 00:09:31,350 --> 00:09:28,880 primarily uv and optical 243 00:09:31,910 --> 00:09:31,360 and then in 1960 she was the first 244 00:09:35,269 --> 00:09:31,920 formal 245 00:09:40,070 --> 00:09:35,279 nasa chief of astronomy and uh she 246 00:09:45,430 --> 00:09:41,910 she spearheaded and was the driving 247 00:09:47,190 --> 00:09:45,440 force behind nasa space astronomy 248 00:09:49,350 --> 00:09:47,200 these are some as as you can see down 249 00:09:52,310 --> 00:09:49,360 here i've listed some of the many 250 00:09:55,350 --> 00:09:52,320 many programs that she was responsible 251 00:09:59,030 --> 00:09:57,430 and i'll talk a little bit more about 252 00:10:02,069 --> 00:09:59,040 those 253 00:10:05,910 --> 00:10:04,150 okay so how did how did she succeed how 254 00:10:08,710 --> 00:10:05,920 did she get on with it 255 00:10:10,069 --> 00:10:08,720 well she availed herself as experts in 256 00:10:12,150 --> 00:10:10,079 every astronomy and engineering 257 00:10:15,030 --> 00:10:12,160 discipline she went to them she traveled 258 00:10:16,069 --> 00:10:15,040 all over to talk to the uh astronomers 259 00:10:17,910 --> 00:10:16,079 and asked them 260 00:10:19,190 --> 00:10:17,920 you know what is it that you want to 261 00:10:21,269 --> 00:10:19,200 learn right 262 00:10:22,790 --> 00:10:21,279 what what tools can we make for you to 263 00:10:24,230 --> 00:10:22,800 learn those things 264 00:10:26,150 --> 00:10:24,240 she became the bridge between 265 00:10:28,150 --> 00:10:26,160 engineering engineers 266 00:10:29,750 --> 00:10:28,160 and scientists because they approach 267 00:10:33,030 --> 00:10:29,760 problems differently 268 00:10:35,670 --> 00:10:33,040 she sold space astronomy to politicians 269 00:10:37,990 --> 00:10:35,680 astronomers the government industry and 270 00:10:39,990 --> 00:10:38,000 the public 271 00:10:41,430 --> 00:10:40,000 here are some of her accomplishments i 272 00:10:42,550 --> 00:10:41,440 don't have enough time to go through 273 00:10:45,590 --> 00:10:42,560 this but these are 274 00:10:47,670 --> 00:10:45,600 these are uh you know the first orbiting 275 00:10:51,990 --> 00:10:47,680 astronomical observatories 276 00:10:55,030 --> 00:10:52,000 and uh this top is the orbiting oops boy 277 00:10:56,150 --> 00:10:55,040 uh this this is the orbiting solar 278 00:10:58,389 --> 00:10:56,160 observatory 279 00:11:00,550 --> 00:10:58,399 which was a series of observatories that 280 00:11:02,870 --> 00:11:00,560 looked at the sun in uv 281 00:11:03,750 --> 00:11:02,880 x-ray and gamma ray they also did you 282 00:11:06,790 --> 00:11:03,760 know detected 283 00:11:09,269 --> 00:11:06,800 cosmic gamma rays 284 00:11:12,069 --> 00:11:09,279 the two uh orbiting astronomical 285 00:11:15,190 --> 00:11:12,079 observatories oa2 and three 286 00:11:17,990 --> 00:11:15,200 were extremely productive science 287 00:11:18,949 --> 00:11:18,000 uh in their each of their ways 288 00:11:21,670 --> 00:11:18,959 ultraviolet 289 00:11:22,790 --> 00:11:21,680 and uh x-ray observations and then 290 00:11:25,590 --> 00:11:22,800 there's the international 291 00:11:28,069 --> 00:11:25,600 ultraviolet explorer which whose 292 00:11:31,110 --> 00:11:28,079 three-year mission lasted 18 years 293 00:11:32,069 --> 00:11:31,120 and had a major impact on astronomy and 294 00:11:35,110 --> 00:11:32,079 there are so many 295 00:11:38,310 --> 00:11:35,120 others that you can read about then 296 00:11:42,550 --> 00:11:38,320 there was the large space telescope 297 00:11:45,110 --> 00:11:42,560 and the large space telescope uh 298 00:11:47,750 --> 00:11:45,120 was start astronomers started to talk 299 00:11:51,269 --> 00:11:47,760 about a large space telescope 300 00:11:53,190 --> 00:11:51,279 and it was in 1965 that 301 00:11:55,350 --> 00:11:53,200 that nancy grace roman who again was the 302 00:11:56,790 --> 00:11:55,360 chief of astronomy at nasa said 303 00:11:58,550 --> 00:11:56,800 after all we were never going to get 304 00:11:59,670 --> 00:11:58,560 anywhere if we didn't get started 305 00:12:02,389 --> 00:11:59,680 somewhere 306 00:12:02,790 --> 00:12:02,399 and what i have here up here in this 307 00:12:07,190 --> 00:12:02,800 little 308 00:12:09,670 --> 00:12:07,200 cartoon is that the initial ideas for 309 00:12:12,550 --> 00:12:09,680 for the hubble space telescope large 310 00:12:15,590 --> 00:12:12,560 space telescope in space was to have 311 00:12:18,150 --> 00:12:15,600 an astronaut a man a human 312 00:12:18,710 --> 00:12:18,160 operating the thing and you know nancy 313 00:12:20,310 --> 00:12:18,720 grace 314 00:12:22,389 --> 00:12:20,320 roman said to herself well we're trying 315 00:12:24,949 --> 00:12:22,399 to get away from an atmosphere 316 00:12:26,790 --> 00:12:24,959 uh so we don't want to have an 317 00:12:29,829 --> 00:12:26,800 atmosphere anywhere near or 318 00:12:32,710 --> 00:12:29,839 in the telescope anyway 319 00:12:33,750 --> 00:12:32,720 um she was a tireless advocate for this 320 00:12:36,470 --> 00:12:33,760 large telescope 321 00:12:38,870 --> 00:12:36,480 again met with astronomers politicians 322 00:12:41,910 --> 00:12:38,880 wrote congressional testimony 323 00:12:42,870 --> 00:12:41,920 you know did all the behind the scenes 324 00:12:47,750 --> 00:12:42,880 work 325 00:12:51,350 --> 00:12:47,760 group headed by lyman spitzer 326 00:12:56,389 --> 00:12:53,350 who is considered the father of the 327 00:12:58,949 --> 00:12:56,399 hubble space telescope 328 00:13:00,150 --> 00:12:58,959 she did everything she could to promote 329 00:13:01,829 --> 00:13:00,160 the idea of 330 00:13:03,269 --> 00:13:01,839 uh the space telescope and its 331 00:13:05,350 --> 00:13:03,279 importance 332 00:13:06,870 --> 00:13:05,360 um as you know uh the hubble was 333 00:13:09,670 --> 00:13:06,880 launched in 1990 334 00:13:10,790 --> 00:13:09,680 and it's still performing cutting edge 335 00:13:15,990 --> 00:13:10,800 science 30 336 00:13:20,550 --> 00:13:18,790 bridenstine said of her it is because of 337 00:13:22,790 --> 00:13:20,560 nancy grace roman's leadership 338 00:13:24,710 --> 00:13:22,800 and vision that nasa became a pioneer in 339 00:13:26,870 --> 00:13:24,720 astrophysics and launched hubble 340 00:13:28,790 --> 00:13:26,880 the world's most powerful and productive 341 00:13:32,470 --> 00:13:28,800 space telescope 342 00:13:34,230 --> 00:13:32,480 astronomy is not much different than 343 00:13:36,389 --> 00:13:34,240 galileo's telescope 344 00:13:37,670 --> 00:13:36,399 and that wasn't said by bridenstine it 345 00:13:40,870 --> 00:13:37,680 was said by someone 346 00:13:44,710 --> 00:13:43,110 all right let's let's get to awards and 347 00:13:45,670 --> 00:13:44,720 honors well there's a whole list of them 348 00:13:52,870 --> 00:13:45,680 here 349 00:13:56,470 --> 00:13:52,880 uh her her favorite was the 350 00:13:57,670 --> 00:13:56,480 her favorite two one is the 1962 federal 351 00:14:00,230 --> 00:13:57,680 women's award 352 00:14:01,030 --> 00:14:00,240 and you can see her here accepting the 353 00:14:03,990 --> 00:14:01,040 award 354 00:14:05,350 --> 00:14:04,000 with her five other colleagues who 355 00:14:08,550 --> 00:14:05,360 received the word also 356 00:14:11,670 --> 00:14:08,560 and they're with john f kennedy 357 00:14:12,870 --> 00:14:11,680 then her that her other very favorite 358 00:14:16,470 --> 00:14:12,880 and most fun award 359 00:14:18,389 --> 00:14:16,480 is that she is a lego 360 00:14:19,750 --> 00:14:18,399 and i can i don't have to go through 361 00:14:22,230 --> 00:14:19,760 each of these pictures you can see in 362 00:14:24,230 --> 00:14:22,240 her face 363 00:14:25,829 --> 00:14:24,240 she got such a great kick out of this 364 00:14:28,870 --> 00:14:25,839 she loved it 365 00:14:30,310 --> 00:14:28,880 um anyway you see her here signing the 366 00:14:32,230 --> 00:14:30,320 lego sets and 367 00:14:33,350 --> 00:14:32,240 and this picture is astonishing she's 368 00:14:36,150 --> 00:14:33,360 with you know 369 00:14:37,590 --> 00:14:36,160 margaret hamilton uh both of them 370 00:14:42,870 --> 00:14:37,600 signing their legos 371 00:14:48,389 --> 00:14:45,990 nancy grace roman was an educator she 372 00:14:50,870 --> 00:14:48,399 she taught throughout her life even up 373 00:14:53,750 --> 00:14:50,880 until the year that she passed away 374 00:14:54,389 --> 00:14:53,760 uh she was an educator of all ages here 375 00:14:57,430 --> 00:14:54,399 she is 376 00:14:58,150 --> 00:14:57,440 uh with some students at a toshiba 377 00:15:04,389 --> 00:14:58,160 explorer 378 00:15:05,430 --> 00:15:04,399 nancy and i both worked as as expert 379 00:15:09,030 --> 00:15:05,440 judges on uh 380 00:15:12,550 --> 00:15:09,040 annually for this for this award 381 00:15:13,910 --> 00:15:12,560 she educated uh children young adults 382 00:15:16,389 --> 00:15:13,920 and old adults 383 00:15:18,069 --> 00:15:16,399 as you can see here the old adults here 384 00:15:21,590 --> 00:15:18,079 are the hubble space telescope team 385 00:15:25,750 --> 00:15:21,600 talking to nancy in 2014 386 00:15:29,350 --> 00:15:25,760 and she also 387 00:15:31,350 --> 00:15:29,360 at 2017 went to the march for science 388 00:15:34,230 --> 00:15:31,360 and that this is great she's on the 389 00:15:37,670 --> 00:15:34,240 stage she's waving to her fans 390 00:15:39,829 --> 00:15:37,680 and uh she had written me an email 391 00:15:41,509 --> 00:15:39,839 um which i have part of it here but i 392 00:15:43,670 --> 00:15:41,519 won't read it to you but anyway she was 393 00:15:46,389 --> 00:15:43,680 so thrilled and so excited 394 00:15:46,949 --> 00:15:46,399 to have gone to the march for science 395 00:15:48,629 --> 00:15:46,959 and then 396 00:15:50,629 --> 00:15:48,639 to have been invited by the space 397 00:15:52,949 --> 00:15:50,639 telescope science institute 398 00:15:53,990 --> 00:15:52,959 to attend a three-day conference which 399 00:15:57,990 --> 00:15:54,000 was mostly in her 400 00:16:01,110 --> 00:15:58,000 honor and um she was just 401 00:16:04,470 --> 00:16:01,120 very happy after that those several 402 00:16:08,230 --> 00:16:04,480 days of activities so 403 00:16:09,670 --> 00:16:08,240 that's it um nancy grace roman 404 00:16:11,430 --> 00:16:09,680 is the mother of the hubble space 405 00:16:14,710 --> 00:16:11,440 telescope and now 406 00:16:16,230 --> 00:16:14,720 the the new telescope to be launched by 407 00:16:18,550 --> 00:16:16,240 nasa 408 00:16:20,710 --> 00:16:18,560 to pay tribute to a singular explorer an 409 00:16:23,269 --> 00:16:20,720 inspiration to generations of scientists 410 00:16:25,430 --> 00:16:23,279 and engineers a relentless ally of 411 00:16:26,790 --> 00:16:25,440 astrophysics at nasa a teacher and the 412 00:16:28,629 --> 00:16:26,800 mother of the hubble 413 00:16:30,310 --> 00:16:28,639 thank you nancy grace for forging the 414 00:16:32,870 --> 00:16:30,320 path god speed 415 00:16:34,870 --> 00:16:32,880 and then she says she's very well known 416 00:16:35,509 --> 00:16:34,880 for saying i'm glad i ignored the many 417 00:16:37,110 --> 00:16:35,519 people 418 00:16:38,629 --> 00:16:37,120 who told me that i could not be an 419 00:16:40,069 --> 00:16:38,639 astronomer 420 00:16:45,189 --> 00:16:40,079 and that's it thank you very much for 421 00:16:49,990 --> 00:16:48,389 thank you so much all right our next 422 00:16:52,870 --> 00:16:50,000 speaker will be dr julie 423 00:16:54,710 --> 00:16:52,880 mcenery to tell us about the telescope 424 00:17:00,230 --> 00:16:54,720 that is named for nancy grace roman 425 00:17:03,990 --> 00:17:02,870 thank you um it gives me an enormous 426 00:17:06,309 --> 00:17:04,000 amount of pride to be 427 00:17:07,110 --> 00:17:06,319 associated with uh with a mission that's 428 00:17:09,990 --> 00:17:07,120 named after 429 00:17:11,029 --> 00:17:10,000 nancy grace roman the nancy grace roman 430 00:17:13,990 --> 00:17:11,039 space telescope 431 00:17:15,750 --> 00:17:14,000 is uh the next nasa astrophysics 432 00:17:17,429 --> 00:17:15,760 flagship mission to follow the james 433 00:17:19,669 --> 00:17:17,439 webb space telescope 434 00:17:21,270 --> 00:17:19,679 it was the top-ranked large mission in 435 00:17:24,549 --> 00:17:21,280 the 2010 436 00:17:28,150 --> 00:17:24,559 decadal uh decadal survey and 437 00:17:31,029 --> 00:17:28,160 the one of the singular features of the 438 00:17:32,150 --> 00:17:31,039 nazi grace roman space telescope is that 439 00:17:34,470 --> 00:17:32,160 we have a 440 00:17:36,070 --> 00:17:34,480 primary mirror that is around the same 441 00:17:38,789 --> 00:17:36,080 size as hovels 442 00:17:39,830 --> 00:17:38,799 and that means that we have a similar 443 00:17:42,630 --> 00:17:39,840 sensitivity 444 00:17:43,909 --> 00:17:42,640 and a similar angular resolution or a 445 00:17:48,310 --> 00:17:43,919 sharpness of 446 00:17:51,990 --> 00:17:50,150 but what makes us unique is that we've 447 00:17:52,870 --> 00:17:52,000 got a field of view a factor of 100 448 00:17:55,190 --> 00:17:52,880 larger 449 00:17:56,549 --> 00:17:55,200 so this is illustrated here in this 450 00:17:59,669 --> 00:17:56,559 image of the eagle 451 00:18:03,350 --> 00:17:59,679 nebula and in the center you can see 452 00:18:06,470 --> 00:18:03,360 the famous hubble pillars of creation 453 00:18:09,430 --> 00:18:06,480 image but this observatory 454 00:18:10,070 --> 00:18:09,440 is uh it's not just that it's a hundred 455 00:18:12,950 --> 00:18:10,080 times 456 00:18:14,470 --> 00:18:12,960 uh the field of view of uh of hubble 457 00:18:17,510 --> 00:18:14,480 we're designed to be 458 00:18:21,190 --> 00:18:17,520 um to be a survey instrument so uh 459 00:18:22,150 --> 00:18:21,200 for example if we look at a large survey 460 00:18:25,669 --> 00:18:22,160 that hubble did 461 00:18:27,669 --> 00:18:25,679 of the andromeda galaxy over 400 462 00:18:30,870 --> 00:18:27,679 individual pointings to make up 463 00:18:32,390 --> 00:18:30,880 the fat survey could be completed in two 464 00:18:35,909 --> 00:18:32,400 in just two pointings 465 00:18:40,549 --> 00:18:38,710 but the increase in speed of this survey 466 00:18:43,990 --> 00:18:40,559 is much more than a hundred 467 00:18:46,549 --> 00:18:44,000 because a roman has more efficient 468 00:18:48,150 --> 00:18:46,559 slew and settle in other words it takes 469 00:18:48,549 --> 00:18:48,160 less time to go from one place to the 470 00:18:49,909 --> 00:18:48,559 other 471 00:18:52,150 --> 00:18:49,919 and stop and be ready for the next 472 00:18:53,990 --> 00:18:52,160 observation we don't pass through the 473 00:18:56,630 --> 00:18:54,000 south atlantic anomaly we don't have 474 00:18:58,630 --> 00:18:56,640 interruptions in observations because 475 00:19:01,909 --> 00:18:58,640 the earth gets in the field of view 476 00:19:03,750 --> 00:19:01,919 so in this particular case the increase 477 00:19:06,390 --> 00:19:03,760 in speed to do this survey isn't a 478 00:19:09,909 --> 00:19:06,400 factor of 100 it isn't a factor of 200 479 00:19:11,270 --> 00:19:09,919 it's a factor of over a thousand so with 480 00:19:14,630 --> 00:19:11,280 an observatory like 481 00:19:17,430 --> 00:19:14,640 um like roman um 482 00:19:18,549 --> 00:19:17,440 we can view the universe in an entirely 483 00:19:21,190 --> 00:19:18,559 new way 484 00:19:22,789 --> 00:19:21,200 uh we can do surveys of things where we 485 00:19:24,310 --> 00:19:22,799 can wait for things to happen because 486 00:19:25,430 --> 00:19:24,320 we're looking over a large enough field 487 00:19:28,310 --> 00:19:25,440 of view to find 488 00:19:29,909 --> 00:19:28,320 things that that go off or we can survey 489 00:19:33,510 --> 00:19:29,919 large regions of the sky 490 00:19:36,150 --> 00:19:33,520 to map out distributions 491 00:19:36,950 --> 00:19:36,160 so with this large amount of larger 492 00:19:38,630 --> 00:19:36,960 field of view 493 00:19:40,310 --> 00:19:38,640 more efficient observations we're 494 00:19:41,110 --> 00:19:40,320 getting more information which of course 495 00:19:43,270 --> 00:19:41,120 translates 496 00:19:44,150 --> 00:19:43,280 into much much more data so one of the 497 00:19:47,110 --> 00:19:44,160 other features 498 00:19:48,070 --> 00:19:47,120 of uh of the roman observatory is it's 499 00:19:50,070 --> 00:19:48,080 going to change 500 00:19:52,230 --> 00:19:50,080 how we're how we interact with our data 501 00:19:53,990 --> 00:19:52,240 sets that the amount of data 502 00:19:55,830 --> 00:19:54,000 is much much larger so the typical 503 00:19:58,710 --> 00:19:55,840 astronomer is not going to be 504 00:20:00,310 --> 00:19:58,720 downloading data to their um uh to their 505 00:20:01,510 --> 00:20:00,320 home machine and doing analysis and 506 00:20:03,270 --> 00:20:01,520 instead we will have 507 00:20:05,510 --> 00:20:03,280 we're introducing ways where people can 508 00:20:10,230 --> 00:20:05,520 work remotely um on the 509 00:20:16,310 --> 00:20:13,510 another way in which uh roman 510 00:20:17,909 --> 00:20:16,320 is uh is unique is that one of our 511 00:20:20,950 --> 00:20:17,919 science drivers 512 00:20:23,350 --> 00:20:20,960 is uh to study cosmology to study the 513 00:20:26,070 --> 00:20:23,360 structure and evolution of the universe 514 00:20:28,310 --> 00:20:26,080 and we do this with several surveys and 515 00:20:32,149 --> 00:20:28,320 as i said we're designed to do surveys 516 00:20:35,909 --> 00:20:32,159 a large survey away from the 517 00:20:38,470 --> 00:20:35,919 galactic plane is designed to 518 00:20:39,110 --> 00:20:38,480 detect hundreds of millions of galaxies 519 00:20:41,110 --> 00:20:39,120 and measure 520 00:20:43,029 --> 00:20:41,120 precisely the position and distance to 521 00:20:45,510 --> 00:20:43,039 each one 522 00:20:47,669 --> 00:20:45,520 a fraction of these we can also very 523 00:20:52,070 --> 00:20:47,679 precisely measure 524 00:20:53,909 --> 00:20:52,080 the shape of those galaxies and look for 525 00:20:56,950 --> 00:20:53,919 deviations in the measured shape of the 526 00:21:00,710 --> 00:20:56,960 galaxy produced by dark matter between 527 00:21:03,750 --> 00:21:00,720 us and those galaxies 528 00:21:06,789 --> 00:21:03,760 we also plan to have another survey 529 00:21:08,070 --> 00:21:06,799 that points again away from the from the 530 00:21:10,710 --> 00:21:08,080 milky way galaxy 531 00:21:11,590 --> 00:21:10,720 that goes back to the same spot on the 532 00:21:14,470 --> 00:21:11,600 sky 533 00:21:16,070 --> 00:21:14,480 every five days for years and this 534 00:21:17,669 --> 00:21:16,080 survey will monitor hundreds of 535 00:21:19,990 --> 00:21:17,679 thousands of galaxies 536 00:21:21,029 --> 00:21:20,000 and find every supernova that occurs in 537 00:21:22,630 --> 00:21:21,039 that region 538 00:21:24,230 --> 00:21:22,640 we'll detect tens of thousands of 539 00:21:25,190 --> 00:21:24,240 supernovas and we'll use those as a 540 00:21:27,830 --> 00:21:25,200 standard candle 541 00:21:30,630 --> 00:21:27,840 as yet another way to explore uh the 542 00:21:33,110 --> 00:21:30,640 structure and evolution of the universe 543 00:21:34,710 --> 00:21:33,120 and the next speakers will describe this 544 00:21:35,750 --> 00:21:34,720 in more detail but the point that i want 545 00:21:38,630 --> 00:21:35,760 to make here 546 00:21:40,230 --> 00:21:38,640 is that measuring galaxy shapes is hard 547 00:21:42,310 --> 00:21:40,240 that we need to understand our point 548 00:21:44,310 --> 00:21:42,320 spread function 549 00:21:46,070 --> 00:21:44,320 to one part in a thousand that's a 550 00:21:47,909 --> 00:21:46,080 factor of a few better than hubble 551 00:21:49,750 --> 00:21:47,919 we need to understand um our flux 552 00:21:52,310 --> 00:21:49,760 measurement our ability to 553 00:21:53,830 --> 00:21:52,320 uh translate how much light we see in 554 00:21:55,669 --> 00:21:53,840 the detector to how much light 555 00:21:57,350 --> 00:21:55,679 actually came from the object to a 556 00:22:00,070 --> 00:21:57,360 factor of 10 better than hubble 557 00:22:02,070 --> 00:22:00,080 so what we're doing is not only making 558 00:22:03,909 --> 00:22:02,080 observations over a larger field of view 559 00:22:06,950 --> 00:22:03,919 but we're making those observations 560 00:22:08,230 --> 00:22:06,960 much much more precisely so that we can 561 00:22:10,070 --> 00:22:08,240 get an understanding of 562 00:22:11,830 --> 00:22:10,080 dark energy dark matter and 563 00:22:15,350 --> 00:22:11,840 understanding of potentially modified 564 00:22:19,990 --> 00:22:18,390 unlike uh hubble uh the nancy grace 565 00:22:23,110 --> 00:22:20,000 roman space telescope 566 00:22:24,070 --> 00:22:23,120 is not uh in orbit around our earth so 567 00:22:26,789 --> 00:22:24,080 what you're seeing 568 00:22:27,350 --> 00:22:26,799 um here is the moon going around the 569 00:22:29,430 --> 00:22:27,360 earth 570 00:22:30,870 --> 00:22:29,440 on the left hand side and on the right 571 00:22:33,110 --> 00:22:30,880 hand side you see 572 00:22:35,350 --> 00:22:33,120 roman in its orbit around the second 573 00:22:38,470 --> 00:22:35,360 lagrange point 574 00:22:41,590 --> 00:22:38,480 this orbit is what enables us to have 575 00:22:42,630 --> 00:22:41,600 a patch on the sky that we can monitor 576 00:22:45,590 --> 00:22:42,640 for supernova 577 00:22:46,230 --> 00:22:45,600 for years at a time uninterrupted it's 578 00:22:49,590 --> 00:22:46,240 also what 579 00:22:56,310 --> 00:22:53,110 to move to the next slide 580 00:22:59,669 --> 00:22:56,320 to monitor um our galactic center 581 00:23:01,510 --> 00:22:59,679 um every 15 minutes for um 582 00:23:04,710 --> 00:23:01,520 for months at a time because the earth 583 00:23:07,990 --> 00:23:07,190 with our observations of the galactic 584 00:23:11,270 --> 00:23:08,000 bulge 585 00:23:13,510 --> 00:23:11,280 we're not focusing here on cosmology 586 00:23:14,470 --> 00:23:13,520 one of the things that we can do here is 587 00:23:17,270 --> 00:23:14,480 to 588 00:23:18,549 --> 00:23:17,280 look for changes in brightness of stars 589 00:23:22,950 --> 00:23:18,559 caused by 590 00:23:26,710 --> 00:23:22,960 uh the gravitational lensing as a star 591 00:23:30,390 --> 00:23:26,720 with a planet moves moves in front 592 00:23:32,630 --> 00:23:30,400 this technique will allow us to measure 593 00:23:33,990 --> 00:23:32,640 ice and giant uh planets similar to the 594 00:23:35,669 --> 00:23:34,000 ones in our solar system 595 00:23:37,350 --> 00:23:35,679 that are unattainable by other surveys 596 00:23:39,590 --> 00:23:37,360 so we'll complete the census 597 00:23:42,230 --> 00:23:39,600 of the mass of exoplanets while 598 00:23:44,230 --> 00:23:42,240 simultaneously be sensitive to planets 599 00:23:47,590 --> 00:23:44,240 down to the mouths of our jupiter's moon 600 00:23:50,710 --> 00:23:50,310 so this has been a very quick uh whirl 601 00:23:52,630 --> 00:23:50,720 through 602 00:23:54,310 --> 00:23:52,640 of the nancy grace roman space telescope 603 00:23:57,029 --> 00:23:54,320 that we've got a large field of view 604 00:23:57,669 --> 00:23:57,039 that we've got uh an orbit that promotes 605 00:24:00,470 --> 00:23:57,679 us 606 00:24:01,909 --> 00:24:00,480 um stability of the observatory so that 607 00:24:03,669 --> 00:24:01,919 we can have an extremely 608 00:24:04,950 --> 00:24:03,679 uh precisely and well understood 609 00:24:07,269 --> 00:24:04,960 observations 610 00:24:09,350 --> 00:24:07,279 and that we can have continuous both 611 00:24:12,630 --> 00:24:09,360 large surveys and 612 00:24:14,870 --> 00:24:12,640 highly temporally resolve surveys 613 00:24:16,230 --> 00:24:14,880 to do unique science and i've 614 00:24:19,430 --> 00:24:16,240 intentionally ended 615 00:24:20,950 --> 00:24:19,440 on exoplanets as uh 616 00:24:22,950 --> 00:24:20,960 as a science case because the next 617 00:24:25,750 --> 00:24:22,960 speaker is going to 618 00:24:26,950 --> 00:24:25,760 focus on the second instrument on roman 619 00:24:29,029 --> 00:24:26,960 uh which is designed 620 00:24:29,990 --> 00:24:29,039 uh to image exoplanets themselves 621 00:24:35,350 --> 00:24:30,000 directly 622 00:24:39,269 --> 00:24:38,549 thank you julie uh so now we'll turn it 623 00:24:41,590 --> 00:24:39,279 over to 624 00:24:51,990 --> 00:24:41,600 jason rhodes to tell us about the 625 00:24:52,000 --> 00:25:02,549 you need to admit jason 626 00:25:10,149 --> 00:25:06,470 yes now i'm unmuted thank you 627 00:25:15,830 --> 00:25:13,510 looks good okay thank you uh yes 628 00:25:16,950 --> 00:25:15,840 julie uh just told you about all the 629 00:25:18,630 --> 00:25:16,960 exciting science 630 00:25:19,830 --> 00:25:18,640 roman is going to do with its wide field 631 00:25:21,269 --> 00:25:19,840 instrument i'm going to tell you about 632 00:25:23,190 --> 00:25:21,279 the second instrument 633 00:25:24,710 --> 00:25:23,200 on roman which is the coronagraph 634 00:25:27,830 --> 00:25:24,720 instrument or cgi 635 00:25:28,470 --> 00:25:27,840 this is a tech demonstration instrument 636 00:25:30,789 --> 00:25:28,480 meant to 637 00:25:32,950 --> 00:25:30,799 prove out a number of technologies that 638 00:25:35,110 --> 00:25:32,960 we think will revolutionize 639 00:25:36,549 --> 00:25:35,120 the field of exoplanet study over the 640 00:25:39,029 --> 00:25:36,559 coming two decades 641 00:25:40,390 --> 00:25:39,039 exoplanets of course are planets outside 642 00:25:42,470 --> 00:25:40,400 of our solar system 643 00:25:45,029 --> 00:25:42,480 and over the past few decades uh we've 644 00:25:46,789 --> 00:25:45,039 discovered about 4 000 exoplanets 645 00:25:49,029 --> 00:25:46,799 in one of the surveys that julie just 646 00:25:49,909 --> 00:25:49,039 described roman itself will discover 647 00:25:53,110 --> 00:25:49,919 another 2 648 00:25:54,149 --> 00:25:53,120 000 exoplanets but of these 6 000 plus 649 00:25:55,990 --> 00:25:54,159 exoplanets 650 00:25:57,909 --> 00:25:56,000 most of them have been detected 651 00:25:59,830 --> 00:25:57,919 indirectly that is we look for 652 00:26:01,830 --> 00:25:59,840 a wobble in the starlight or a blinking 653 00:26:02,470 --> 00:26:01,840 of the starlight and we don't see the 654 00:26:05,430 --> 00:26:02,480 planet 655 00:26:06,230 --> 00:26:05,440 itself a coronagraph is an instrument on 656 00:26:08,070 --> 00:26:06,240 the other hand 657 00:26:09,590 --> 00:26:08,080 that's designed to take pictures of the 658 00:26:12,149 --> 00:26:09,600 planet itself 659 00:26:13,110 --> 00:26:12,159 and in this artist's recreation here i'm 660 00:26:15,510 --> 00:26:13,120 showing you 661 00:26:17,269 --> 00:26:15,520 conceptually how a coronagraph works so 662 00:26:19,750 --> 00:26:17,279 we have this planet 663 00:26:21,190 --> 00:26:19,760 orbiting a star and if we wanted to use 664 00:26:23,750 --> 00:26:21,200 a regular instrument 665 00:26:24,630 --> 00:26:23,760 on a regular telescope to look at this 666 00:26:26,549 --> 00:26:24,640 the star 667 00:26:28,710 --> 00:26:26,559 would over shine the planet so the 668 00:26:30,630 --> 00:26:28,720 planet would be lost in the starlight 669 00:26:31,990 --> 00:26:30,640 so what a coronagraph is it's an 670 00:26:33,590 --> 00:26:32,000 instrument that has what we call an 671 00:26:36,549 --> 00:26:33,600 internal occulter 672 00:26:37,990 --> 00:26:36,559 simply a disc that goes over the star 673 00:26:41,110 --> 00:26:38,000 blocks the starlight 674 00:26:42,950 --> 00:26:41,120 and allows us to see the planet itself 675 00:26:44,390 --> 00:26:42,960 now the reason that this is very very 676 00:26:47,269 --> 00:26:44,400 challenging is because 677 00:26:48,789 --> 00:26:47,279 stars are so much brighter than planets 678 00:26:51,029 --> 00:26:48,799 so what i'm going to show you here 679 00:26:51,990 --> 00:26:51,039 is an analogy so if you imagine a 680 00:26:54,870 --> 00:26:52,000 sun-like star 681 00:26:55,350 --> 00:26:54,880 and think of that as a lighthouse a very 682 00:26:57,269 --> 00:26:55,360 big 683 00:26:59,510 --> 00:26:57,279 very bright planet like a hot exo 684 00:27:01,830 --> 00:26:59,520 jupiter that's so hot it's giving off 685 00:27:02,789 --> 00:27:01,840 its own light would be about a million 686 00:27:05,110 --> 00:27:02,799 times fainter 687 00:27:05,990 --> 00:27:05,120 than that sun-like star this is like 688 00:27:08,950 --> 00:27:06,000 trying to see a 689 00:27:10,870 --> 00:27:08,960 firefly flying around a lighthouse if 690 00:27:13,110 --> 00:27:10,880 you're thousands of miles away 691 00:27:14,149 --> 00:27:13,120 from the firefly in the lighthouse 692 00:27:16,230 --> 00:27:14,159 however nasa's 693 00:27:17,269 --> 00:27:16,240 ultimate goal is to look for an 694 00:27:19,590 --> 00:27:17,279 earth-like planet 695 00:27:20,310 --> 00:27:19,600 in the habitable zone around a sun-like 696 00:27:23,029 --> 00:27:20,320 star 697 00:27:23,669 --> 00:27:23,039 this is a contrast ratio of 10 billion 698 00:27:26,470 --> 00:27:23,679 to one 699 00:27:27,430 --> 00:27:26,480 or ten thousand times uh more 700 00:27:29,909 --> 00:27:27,440 challenging 701 00:27:31,909 --> 00:27:29,919 than this one million contrast ratio 702 00:27:34,070 --> 00:27:31,919 which is what coronagraphs now 703 00:27:35,430 --> 00:27:34,080 on the ground and in space can do this 704 00:27:39,269 --> 00:27:35,440 would be like trying to see 705 00:27:41,110 --> 00:27:39,279 a single celled bioluminescent organism 706 00:27:42,710 --> 00:27:41,120 near a lighthouse if you were thousands 707 00:27:44,710 --> 00:27:42,720 of miles away 708 00:27:45,990 --> 00:27:44,720 now roman will not get us all the way 709 00:27:48,149 --> 00:27:46,000 there roman 710 00:27:49,990 --> 00:27:48,159 we anticipate will have a contrast ratio 711 00:27:51,750 --> 00:27:50,000 of about a billion to one 712 00:27:53,430 --> 00:27:51,760 but we're going to do that by proving 713 00:27:55,590 --> 00:27:53,440 out a number of technologies 714 00:27:57,510 --> 00:27:55,600 that we think on a future observatory 715 00:27:59,510 --> 00:27:57,520 perhaps in the 2030s 716 00:28:01,029 --> 00:27:59,520 could get us to this 10 billion to 1 717 00:28:02,389 --> 00:28:01,039 contrast ratio 718 00:28:04,230 --> 00:28:02,399 so the first thing we're going to do 719 00:28:05,590 --> 00:28:04,240 with roman obviously is we're going to 720 00:28:07,909 --> 00:28:05,600 fly it in space 721 00:28:09,430 --> 00:28:07,919 above the effects of the atmosphere 722 00:28:12,230 --> 00:28:09,440 which tend to scatter light 723 00:28:12,789 --> 00:28:12,240 and make it much more difficult to uh 724 00:28:14,630 --> 00:28:12,799 block 725 00:28:15,990 --> 00:28:14,640 the starlight and let the planet light 726 00:28:18,549 --> 00:28:16,000 through and the first 727 00:28:20,389 --> 00:28:18,559 paper to suggest using a space telescope 728 00:28:23,269 --> 00:28:20,399 to directly image exoplanets 729 00:28:23,909 --> 00:28:23,279 was written in 1959 by nancy grace roman 730 00:28:25,830 --> 00:28:23,919 herself 731 00:28:27,909 --> 00:28:25,840 so it's pretty exciting that this 732 00:28:30,230 --> 00:28:27,919 instrument is going on the telescope 733 00:28:32,149 --> 00:28:30,240 named after her as i said before there's 734 00:28:33,590 --> 00:28:32,159 a number of new technologies that we're 735 00:28:35,830 --> 00:28:33,600 going to prove out here 736 00:28:36,789 --> 00:28:35,840 what i'm showing here is just an artist 737 00:28:39,269 --> 00:28:36,799 recreation 738 00:28:40,950 --> 00:28:39,279 of a few pieces of the optical elements 739 00:28:43,590 --> 00:28:40,960 of a coronagraph 740 00:28:43,990 --> 00:28:43,600 the wfirst roman coronagraph and the 741 00:28:46,389 --> 00:28:44,000 yellow 742 00:28:47,190 --> 00:28:46,399 here is the path of light through the 743 00:28:49,110 --> 00:28:47,200 system 744 00:28:50,230 --> 00:28:49,120 if you look up here you'll see that the 745 00:28:52,149 --> 00:28:50,240 light coming in 746 00:28:54,630 --> 00:28:52,159 is imperfect it doesn't form perfect 747 00:28:56,470 --> 00:28:54,640 waves and those imperfect waves 748 00:28:57,990 --> 00:28:56,480 are due to imperfections in the mirror 749 00:29:00,070 --> 00:28:58,000 and the telescope we can never 750 00:29:01,029 --> 00:29:00,080 build a perfect mirror or a perfect 751 00:29:02,950 --> 00:29:01,039 telescope 752 00:29:04,230 --> 00:29:02,960 and because of those imperfections it's 753 00:29:06,950 --> 00:29:04,240 more challenging 754 00:29:07,590 --> 00:29:06,960 to block the light of the star so what 755 00:29:10,950 --> 00:29:07,600 we do 756 00:29:12,950 --> 00:29:10,960 is we have two small deformable mirrors 757 00:29:15,110 --> 00:29:12,960 these are small mirrors about the size 758 00:29:16,470 --> 00:29:15,120 of a quarter but each of them has about 759 00:29:18,549 --> 00:29:16,480 2 000 pistons 760 00:29:20,230 --> 00:29:18,559 on the mirror that allows us to change 761 00:29:22,389 --> 00:29:20,240 the shape of the mirror 762 00:29:23,830 --> 00:29:22,399 and correct those imperfections in the 763 00:29:26,310 --> 00:29:23,840 wavefront 764 00:29:27,669 --> 00:29:26,320 we're also going to use complex 765 00:29:29,590 --> 00:29:27,679 coronagraph masks 766 00:29:31,750 --> 00:29:29,600 not the simple discs that i showed you 767 00:29:32,950 --> 00:29:31,760 before these coronagraph masks are 768 00:29:34,630 --> 00:29:32,960 designed to 769 00:29:36,230 --> 00:29:34,640 send the light from the star to the 770 00:29:38,230 --> 00:29:36,240 outer edges of our field 771 00:29:39,269 --> 00:29:38,240 and then we block it with another 772 00:29:40,789 --> 00:29:39,279 optical element 773 00:29:43,510 --> 00:29:40,799 and the planet light comes in at a 774 00:29:46,630 --> 00:29:43,520 different angle and so that planet light 775 00:29:47,590 --> 00:29:46,640 reaches our uh focal plane and that's 776 00:29:48,870 --> 00:29:47,600 what we detect 777 00:29:51,590 --> 00:29:48,880 but what you're seeing here in this 778 00:29:53,269 --> 00:29:51,600 picture is that not all of the starlight 779 00:29:54,870 --> 00:29:53,279 is blocked and that's what makes 780 00:29:57,909 --> 00:29:54,880 cornography challenging 781 00:29:58,710 --> 00:29:57,919 we need to block uh with roman about a 782 00:30:01,430 --> 00:29:58,720 billion 783 00:30:02,310 --> 00:30:01,440 photons from the star for every one that 784 00:30:04,950 --> 00:30:02,320 we detect 785 00:30:06,549 --> 00:30:04,960 from the planet so we're going to test 786 00:30:09,430 --> 00:30:06,559 out and prove out 787 00:30:10,389 --> 00:30:09,440 five new technologies uh with the roman 788 00:30:12,950 --> 00:30:10,399 coronagraph 789 00:30:15,269 --> 00:30:12,960 the first is ultra precise wavefront 790 00:30:17,990 --> 00:30:15,279 sensing and control it's sensing those 791 00:30:19,510 --> 00:30:18,000 wavefront errors that i talked about uh 792 00:30:20,630 --> 00:30:19,520 and then we're going to correct those 793 00:30:22,149 --> 00:30:20,640 waveform errors 794 00:30:24,310 --> 00:30:22,159 with the first use of these small 795 00:30:26,549 --> 00:30:24,320 deformable mirrors in space 796 00:30:27,350 --> 00:30:26,559 then we'll use high contrast coronagraph 797 00:30:29,510 --> 00:30:27,360 masks 798 00:30:30,870 --> 00:30:29,520 that have a complex structure that's 799 00:30:33,190 --> 00:30:30,880 meant to allow us 800 00:30:35,190 --> 00:30:33,200 to account for diffraction and 801 00:30:36,630 --> 00:30:35,200 reflections inside the telescope and the 802 00:30:39,110 --> 00:30:36,640 instrument itself 803 00:30:40,549 --> 00:30:39,120 will detect the photons with ultra low 804 00:30:43,830 --> 00:30:40,559 noise counting detectors 805 00:30:45,830 --> 00:30:43,840 that can detect single photons at a time 806 00:30:47,750 --> 00:30:45,840 and finally we'll process these images 807 00:30:49,830 --> 00:30:47,760 with new algorithms 808 00:30:51,110 --> 00:30:49,840 meant for these unprecedented contrast 809 00:30:53,830 --> 00:30:51,120 levels and again 810 00:30:55,830 --> 00:30:53,840 this is going to allow us to get to a 811 00:30:58,389 --> 00:30:55,840 billion to one contrast ratio 812 00:30:59,110 --> 00:30:58,399 which is a thousand times better than 813 00:31:01,350 --> 00:30:59,120 existing 814 00:31:02,789 --> 00:31:01,360 uh coronagraphs and i think it's it's a 815 00:31:04,630 --> 00:31:02,799 nice coincidence that 816 00:31:06,310 --> 00:31:04,640 julie described that the wide-field 817 00:31:08,389 --> 00:31:06,320 instrument was a thousand times 818 00:31:09,509 --> 00:31:08,399 uh more capable than the similar 819 00:31:11,830 --> 00:31:09,519 instruments on the hubble 820 00:31:13,430 --> 00:31:11,840 and of course the cgi the coronagraph is 821 00:31:14,870 --> 00:31:13,440 a thousand times more capable than 822 00:31:17,190 --> 00:31:14,880 existing coronagraphs 823 00:31:18,549 --> 00:31:17,200 but the real goal here is to prove out 824 00:31:20,470 --> 00:31:18,559 these technologies 825 00:31:22,470 --> 00:31:20,480 that will allow us to fly a future 826 00:31:23,509 --> 00:31:22,480 mission that could use these same 827 00:31:25,990 --> 00:31:23,519 technologies 828 00:31:30,230 --> 00:31:26,000 to look for potential signs of life on 829 00:31:34,470 --> 00:31:30,240 earth-like planets around sun-like stars 830 00:31:38,710 --> 00:31:38,230 thank you jason all right now that we've 831 00:31:40,630 --> 00:31:38,720 uh 832 00:31:41,990 --> 00:31:40,640 learned a bit more about the telescope 833 00:31:44,389 --> 00:31:42,000 itself we are going to 834 00:31:46,789 --> 00:31:44,399 delve more deeply into the science that 835 00:31:49,190 --> 00:31:46,799 the roman space telescope will do 836 00:31:49,909 --> 00:31:49,200 so our next speaker will be dr adam 837 00:31:54,549 --> 00:31:49,919 reese 838 00:32:03,669 --> 00:31:57,590 okay let's see i need permission 839 00:32:03,679 --> 00:32:16,870 i think jason will have to unshare first 840 00:32:16,880 --> 00:32:23,750 there we go 841 00:32:30,230 --> 00:32:27,110 okay can you uh see my screen okay 842 00:32:32,230 --> 00:32:30,240 yes thank you great uh well 843 00:32:33,909 --> 00:32:32,240 thank you very much for joining me in 844 00:32:35,590 --> 00:32:33,919 this workshop to discuss 845 00:32:37,909 --> 00:32:35,600 uh the capabilities of the roman 846 00:32:40,870 --> 00:32:37,919 telescope i'm gonna follow up on 847 00:32:42,950 --> 00:32:40,880 uh what julie discussed in terms of how 848 00:32:43,590 --> 00:32:42,960 roman will help us learn more about the 849 00:32:45,750 --> 00:32:43,600 physics 850 00:32:47,830 --> 00:32:45,760 of the universe i'm going to tell you 851 00:32:49,509 --> 00:32:47,840 how over the last couple of decades 852 00:32:51,590 --> 00:32:49,519 we've been observing the expansion 853 00:32:52,950 --> 00:32:51,600 history of the universe how it has 854 00:32:55,990 --> 00:32:52,960 pointed to the presence 855 00:32:57,830 --> 00:32:56,000 of dark energy in the universe and how 856 00:32:59,590 --> 00:32:57,840 uh hopefully roman will help us 857 00:33:02,549 --> 00:32:59,600 understand some of the enigmas 858 00:33:04,149 --> 00:33:02,559 uh involved in uh the what we see about 859 00:33:07,669 --> 00:33:04,159 the universe 860 00:33:10,070 --> 00:33:07,679 we see 861 00:33:10,870 --> 00:33:10,080 it expanding around us this is certainly 862 00:33:13,590 --> 00:33:10,880 one of the most 863 00:33:14,710 --> 00:33:13,600 remarkable facts about the universe 864 00:33:17,669 --> 00:33:14,720 distant objects 865 00:33:18,310 --> 00:33:17,679 appear to be moving away from us as uh 866 00:33:20,710 --> 00:33:18,320 told by 867 00:33:21,350 --> 00:33:20,720 their redshifts and the further away 868 00:33:24,310 --> 00:33:21,360 they are 869 00:33:26,310 --> 00:33:24,320 the faster they appear to recede from us 870 00:33:28,710 --> 00:33:26,320 so how do we learn these things about 871 00:33:31,750 --> 00:33:28,720 the universe well we have to measure 872 00:33:34,549 --> 00:33:31,760 distances to some of these galaxies and 873 00:33:35,350 --> 00:33:34,559 their recession as told by their 874 00:33:37,430 --> 00:33:35,360 redshifts 875 00:33:38,710 --> 00:33:37,440 and one of the best ways astronomers 876 00:33:41,190 --> 00:33:38,720 have of doing that 877 00:33:43,430 --> 00:33:41,200 is using a class of exploding star 878 00:33:45,350 --> 00:33:43,440 called a type 1a supernova 879 00:33:47,269 --> 00:33:45,360 this is a star that has attained the 880 00:33:48,870 --> 00:33:47,279 chandrasekhar mass 881 00:33:50,710 --> 00:33:48,880 and you get a runaway thermonuclear 882 00:33:52,310 --> 00:33:50,720 explosion when a star exceeds the 883 00:33:54,389 --> 00:33:52,320 chandrasekhar mass 884 00:33:56,230 --> 00:33:54,399 these kinds of objects can be seen more 885 00:33:57,990 --> 00:33:56,240 than halfway across the universe 886 00:33:59,269 --> 00:33:58,000 and we've been diligently using the 887 00:34:02,230 --> 00:33:59,279 hubble space telescope 888 00:34:03,590 --> 00:34:02,240 for about 20 years to map the expansion 889 00:34:05,830 --> 00:34:03,600 history of the universe 890 00:34:06,789 --> 00:34:05,840 and so once we have measured the 891 00:34:09,829 --> 00:34:06,799 distances 892 00:34:10,950 --> 00:34:09,839 and the redshifts of these hosts of 893 00:34:13,270 --> 00:34:10,960 supernovae 894 00:34:14,790 --> 00:34:13,280 we can make a sort of plot or diagram 895 00:34:16,710 --> 00:34:14,800 like you see on the right 896 00:34:18,310 --> 00:34:16,720 and the linear relationship between 897 00:34:20,790 --> 00:34:18,320 distance and redshift the fact that 898 00:34:21,349 --> 00:34:20,800 something further away is moving faster 899 00:34:23,030 --> 00:34:21,359 from us 900 00:34:24,629 --> 00:34:23,040 is the signature of an expanding 901 00:34:26,869 --> 00:34:24,639 universe we measure 902 00:34:28,230 --> 00:34:26,879 this relationship or slope to determine 903 00:34:30,950 --> 00:34:28,240 exactly how fast 904 00:34:32,550 --> 00:34:30,960 the universe is expanding today a value 905 00:34:35,750 --> 00:34:32,560 known as the hubble constant 906 00:34:36,790 --> 00:34:35,760 and if we look further out further back 907 00:34:38,790 --> 00:34:36,800 in time 908 00:34:40,230 --> 00:34:38,800 we can measure how fast the universe was 909 00:34:42,710 --> 00:34:40,240 expanding in the past 910 00:34:45,109 --> 00:34:42,720 to compare that to today and see how 911 00:34:48,470 --> 00:34:45,119 that rate has changed over time 912 00:34:50,389 --> 00:34:48,480 now of course decades ago we assumed 913 00:34:51,510 --> 00:34:50,399 that the expansion of the universe would 914 00:34:53,829 --> 00:34:51,520 be slowing 915 00:34:55,589 --> 00:34:53,839 because of the attractive gravity of 916 00:34:57,829 --> 00:34:55,599 matter in the universe 917 00:35:00,630 --> 00:34:57,839 however einstein who thought about this 918 00:35:02,710 --> 00:35:00,640 problem even earlier than most of us 919 00:35:05,910 --> 00:35:02,720 realized there was another possibility 920 00:35:08,390 --> 00:35:05,920 that the gravity of empty space itself 921 00:35:09,589 --> 00:35:08,400 uh could be repulsive and could push 922 00:35:11,670 --> 00:35:09,599 back against the 923 00:35:13,030 --> 00:35:11,680 attractive gravity of ordinary stuff in 924 00:35:15,190 --> 00:35:13,040 the universe he called this 925 00:35:16,069 --> 00:35:15,200 property the cosmological constant and 926 00:35:19,270 --> 00:35:16,079 today we would call 927 00:35:21,430 --> 00:35:19,280 this dark energy of course this is not 928 00:35:23,190 --> 00:35:21,440 what we expected to be going on some 20 929 00:35:25,589 --> 00:35:23,200 years ago my colleagues and i 930 00:35:27,750 --> 00:35:25,599 made some of the first measurements of 931 00:35:30,150 --> 00:35:27,760 the expansion history of the universe 932 00:35:31,349 --> 00:35:30,160 comparing the expansion rate today as 933 00:35:33,750 --> 00:35:31,359 you see there in the 934 00:35:35,670 --> 00:35:33,760 red data point two distant points we 935 00:35:37,510 --> 00:35:35,680 thought we would determine whether 936 00:35:39,109 --> 00:35:37,520 the expansion was slowing down a lot 937 00:35:39,750 --> 00:35:39,119 that is we lived in a heavyweight 938 00:35:41,270 --> 00:35:39,760 universe 939 00:35:42,630 --> 00:35:41,280 or only a little that we lived in a 940 00:35:44,710 --> 00:35:42,640 lightweight universe and of course this 941 00:35:46,390 --> 00:35:44,720 was a tremendous surprise 942 00:35:47,750 --> 00:35:46,400 when we made these measurements and 943 00:35:49,910 --> 00:35:47,760 found that in fact 944 00:35:52,390 --> 00:35:49,920 the expansion rate of the universe has 945 00:35:54,390 --> 00:35:52,400 been speeding up over time this was uh 946 00:35:56,829 --> 00:35:54,400 really considered a breakthrough in our 947 00:35:58,630 --> 00:35:56,839 understanding of the physics of the 948 00:36:01,670 --> 00:35:58,640 universe 949 00:36:04,630 --> 00:36:01,680 now over the last 10 or 15 years 950 00:36:05,589 --> 00:36:04,640 improved data and now a wider range of 951 00:36:07,430 --> 00:36:05,599 techniques 952 00:36:09,349 --> 00:36:07,440 for mapping the expansion history of the 953 00:36:12,390 --> 00:36:09,359 universe not just supernovae 954 00:36:14,069 --> 00:36:12,400 but we can also use uh the radiation 955 00:36:16,870 --> 00:36:14,079 left over from the big bang 956 00:36:18,069 --> 00:36:16,880 and certain characteristic spots or spot 957 00:36:20,310 --> 00:36:18,079 sizes 958 00:36:21,270 --> 00:36:20,320 in the cosmic microwave background which 959 00:36:24,950 --> 00:36:21,280 today 960 00:36:26,470 --> 00:36:24,960 uh delineate the separations of galaxies 961 00:36:28,390 --> 00:36:26,480 are used to measure the expansion 962 00:36:29,190 --> 00:36:28,400 history of the universe and show us that 963 00:36:31,349 --> 00:36:29,200 we live 964 00:36:34,069 --> 00:36:31,359 in an era that is dominated by dark 965 00:36:35,990 --> 00:36:34,079 energy today causing the acceleration 966 00:36:38,069 --> 00:36:36,000 but was dominated in the past by dark 967 00:36:39,109 --> 00:36:38,079 matter causing it to decelerate even 968 00:36:42,390 --> 00:36:39,119 earlier 969 00:36:44,710 --> 00:36:42,400 understanding why or 970 00:36:45,670 --> 00:36:44,720 what exactly this dark energy is that 971 00:36:47,910 --> 00:36:45,680 makes up 70 972 00:36:49,910 --> 00:36:47,920 of the universe and what the dark matter 973 00:36:52,150 --> 00:36:49,920 is that makes up another 25 974 00:36:53,109 --> 00:36:52,160 is certainly uh one of if not the 975 00:36:55,430 --> 00:36:53,119 leading question 976 00:36:56,470 --> 00:36:55,440 about the universe um and so just to 977 00:36:59,030 --> 00:36:56,480 briefly 978 00:37:00,710 --> 00:36:59,040 tell you we have a few ideas about what 979 00:37:02,310 --> 00:37:00,720 dark energy might be 980 00:37:04,550 --> 00:37:02,320 it might be very similar to what 981 00:37:06,230 --> 00:37:04,560 einstein had described what we would uh 982 00:37:08,390 --> 00:37:06,240 in a more physics-based way 983 00:37:10,230 --> 00:37:08,400 describe as a static dark energy that 984 00:37:12,870 --> 00:37:10,240 there is inherently 985 00:37:14,550 --> 00:37:12,880 energy in empty space this is a feature 986 00:37:17,270 --> 00:37:14,560 really of quantum theory 987 00:37:17,589 --> 00:37:17,280 and in einstein's general relativity 988 00:37:19,589 --> 00:37:17,599 such 989 00:37:21,510 --> 00:37:19,599 energy would cause repulsive gravity 990 00:37:23,349 --> 00:37:21,520 however there's a terrible 991 00:37:25,670 --> 00:37:23,359 quantitative mismatch between these two 992 00:37:27,670 --> 00:37:25,680 ideas that makes us really struggle to 993 00:37:30,150 --> 00:37:27,680 accept this as a possibility 994 00:37:30,710 --> 00:37:30,160 another possibility is that this uh dark 995 00:37:33,190 --> 00:37:30,720 energy 996 00:37:35,829 --> 00:37:33,200 is due to a field in space and it's 997 00:37:38,310 --> 00:37:35,839 therefore a temporary phenomenon 998 00:37:40,150 --> 00:37:38,320 and so if we could map the expansion 999 00:37:41,990 --> 00:37:40,160 history in exquisite detail 1000 00:37:44,069 --> 00:37:42,000 we can distinguish between these two 1001 00:37:46,630 --> 00:37:44,079 possibilities static dark energy 1002 00:37:49,030 --> 00:37:46,640 or changing dark energy or even whether 1003 00:37:50,950 --> 00:37:49,040 our theory of gravity general relativity 1004 00:37:53,750 --> 00:37:50,960 even applies to dark energy whether we 1005 00:37:56,230 --> 00:37:53,760 have actually discovered and said a flaw 1006 00:37:57,910 --> 00:37:56,240 in the theory of gravity and so 1007 00:38:00,710 --> 00:37:57,920 certainly better measurements 1008 00:38:01,750 --> 00:38:00,720 of the expansion history over the last 1009 00:38:03,430 --> 00:38:01,760 few billion years 1010 00:38:05,270 --> 00:38:03,440 are really critical to discriminate 1011 00:38:07,510 --> 00:38:05,280 between these possibilities 1012 00:38:09,750 --> 00:38:07,520 if this wasn't already challenging 1013 00:38:12,710 --> 00:38:09,760 enough in the last few years we've seen 1014 00:38:14,550 --> 00:38:12,720 another sort of riddle uh arise sort of 1015 00:38:17,750 --> 00:38:14,560 a riddle wrapped in an enigma 1016 00:38:20,710 --> 00:38:17,760 as they say that when we look 1017 00:38:22,870 --> 00:38:20,720 even with the best uh observations we 1018 00:38:25,349 --> 00:38:22,880 have today of the expansion history 1019 00:38:26,870 --> 00:38:25,359 and we compare how fast the universe 1020 00:38:29,270 --> 00:38:26,880 ought to be expanding today 1021 00:38:30,470 --> 00:38:29,280 based on the observations of the cosmic 1022 00:38:32,870 --> 00:38:30,480 microwave background 1023 00:38:34,710 --> 00:38:32,880 versus direct measurements of this 1024 00:38:36,550 --> 00:38:34,720 quantity we call the hubble constant 1025 00:38:38,470 --> 00:38:36,560 we're starting to see a tension or 1026 00:38:41,430 --> 00:38:38,480 disagreement between these 1027 00:38:42,390 --> 00:38:41,440 uh what it belies we're not sure uh it 1028 00:38:44,150 --> 00:38:42,400 raises questions 1029 00:38:46,150 --> 00:38:44,160 how well do we know the age of the 1030 00:38:48,710 --> 00:38:46,160 universe and what are we missing 1031 00:38:49,750 --> 00:38:48,720 is this indeed this this discrepancy 1032 00:38:51,670 --> 00:38:49,760 that's showing up 1033 00:38:53,829 --> 00:38:51,680 one of the clues we've been looking for 1034 00:38:56,470 --> 00:38:53,839 about the nature of dark energy 1035 00:38:58,150 --> 00:38:56,480 or uh you know exactly what is going on 1036 00:39:00,790 --> 00:38:58,160 it's not clear 1037 00:39:02,550 --> 00:39:00,800 when one looks at the universe from the 1038 00:39:04,150 --> 00:39:02,560 beginning to the end or from the end to 1039 00:39:06,390 --> 00:39:04,160 the beginning the two paths 1040 00:39:08,470 --> 00:39:06,400 uh that are disagreeing we ought to get 1041 00:39:10,390 --> 00:39:08,480 the same answer and so this sort of 1042 00:39:12,069 --> 00:39:10,400 cosmological roshaman is very much on 1043 00:39:14,550 --> 00:39:12,079 our minds as we pursue 1044 00:39:16,150 --> 00:39:14,560 uh this next stage of adventure and so 1045 00:39:17,990 --> 00:39:16,160 as julie described 1046 00:39:20,069 --> 00:39:18,000 roman has a field of view that is a 1047 00:39:21,910 --> 00:39:20,079 hundred times greater than hubble 1048 00:39:23,829 --> 00:39:21,920 though because of other observing 1049 00:39:25,430 --> 00:39:23,839 efficiencies it's more like a factor of 1050 00:39:27,670 --> 00:39:25,440 a thousand in our 1051 00:39:29,670 --> 00:39:27,680 speed at which we can gather the kinds 1052 00:39:30,470 --> 00:39:29,680 of measurements that map the expansion 1053 00:39:32,630 --> 00:39:30,480 history 1054 00:39:34,390 --> 00:39:32,640 of the universe and we really look 1055 00:39:37,430 --> 00:39:34,400 forward to just probably in the first 1056 00:39:39,589 --> 00:39:37,440 year of using roman to surpass all the 1057 00:39:41,990 --> 00:39:39,599 work we've done over the last 20 years 1058 00:39:44,150 --> 00:39:42,000 and get a greater handle on the 1059 00:39:46,390 --> 00:39:44,160 expansion rate 1060 00:39:47,589 --> 00:39:46,400 roman will make use of a number of 1061 00:39:49,589 --> 00:39:47,599 techniques through the 1062 00:39:50,950 --> 00:39:49,599 accelerating era and the previous 1063 00:39:52,870 --> 00:39:50,960 decelerating era 1064 00:39:54,069 --> 00:39:52,880 including the supernova distances i 1065 00:39:56,069 --> 00:39:54,079 described 1066 00:39:58,710 --> 00:39:56,079 exquisite measurements of the shapes of 1067 00:40:01,349 --> 00:39:58,720 galaxies uh these spot sizes 1068 00:40:02,310 --> 00:40:01,359 uh lit up by the distribution of 1069 00:40:05,190 --> 00:40:02,320 galaxies 1070 00:40:06,230 --> 00:40:05,200 uh and other measures many of these are 1071 00:40:08,470 --> 00:40:06,240 complementary 1072 00:40:09,750 --> 00:40:08,480 or can sort of cross-check each other to 1073 00:40:11,589 --> 00:40:09,760 make sure that we get the kind of 1074 00:40:12,790 --> 00:40:11,599 precision information we need 1075 00:40:15,270 --> 00:40:12,800 to separate these different 1076 00:40:16,470 --> 00:40:15,280 possibilities so i'll just close with a 1077 00:40:17,990 --> 00:40:16,480 reminder 1078 00:40:20,069 --> 00:40:18,000 why it's so important to us to 1079 00:40:20,870 --> 00:40:20,079 understand the expansion history of the 1080 00:40:24,230 --> 00:40:20,880 universe 1081 00:40:27,750 --> 00:40:24,240 uh and it's really because 95 of it 1082 00:40:30,069 --> 00:40:27,760 is caused by the gravity of unseen stuff 1083 00:40:30,870 --> 00:40:30,079 and this is very profound very 1084 00:40:34,150 --> 00:40:30,880 significant 1085 00:40:35,589 --> 00:40:34,160 and because explaining it requires us to 1086 00:40:37,750 --> 00:40:35,599 understand physics 1087 00:40:40,069 --> 00:40:37,760 uh theories that really are incompatible 1088 00:40:40,630 --> 00:40:40,079 we hope that uh this clue from nature 1089 00:40:43,190 --> 00:40:40,640 about 1090 00:40:44,870 --> 00:40:43,200 how it does physics at the the interface 1091 00:40:46,790 --> 00:40:44,880 between incompatible theories 1092 00:40:48,150 --> 00:40:46,800 will teach us more about the physics of 1093 00:40:50,870 --> 00:40:48,160 the universe and so 1094 00:40:55,829 --> 00:40:50,880 i will end there and uh go on to the 1095 00:41:00,550 --> 00:40:59,510 thank you adam all right so our next 1096 00:41:02,470 --> 00:41:00,560 speaker is dr 1097 00:41:03,990 --> 00:41:02,480 rachel somerville who will be telling us 1098 00:41:07,190 --> 00:41:04,000 about galaxies across 1099 00:41:10,390 --> 00:41:07,200 cosmic time 1100 00:41:14,790 --> 00:41:10,400 thank you very much thanks for 1101 00:41:18,150 --> 00:41:14,800 inviting me to participate in this event 1102 00:41:19,109 --> 00:41:18,160 i am very excited to tell you about some 1103 00:41:22,390 --> 00:41:19,119 of the 1104 00:41:26,309 --> 00:41:22,400 science that roman will do 1105 00:41:36,069 --> 00:41:26,319 to constrain galaxy evolution okay 1106 00:41:42,630 --> 00:41:39,190 are you seeing my slide 1107 00:41:47,270 --> 00:41:42,640 yes thank you wonderful okay 1108 00:41:50,470 --> 00:41:47,280 um so 1109 00:41:54,069 --> 00:41:50,480 we have a baby picture of the universe 1110 00:41:54,790 --> 00:41:54,079 as it was about 380 000 years after the 1111 00:41:56,790 --> 00:41:54,800 big bang 1112 00:41:58,950 --> 00:41:56,800 we call this the cosmic microwave 1113 00:42:01,430 --> 00:41:58,960 background radiation 1114 00:42:02,069 --> 00:42:01,440 and that baby picture reveals that at 1115 00:42:05,349 --> 00:42:02,079 that early 1116 00:42:07,990 --> 00:42:05,359 time the universe was extremely simple 1117 00:42:09,670 --> 00:42:08,000 so it could be described by just a few 1118 00:42:13,990 --> 00:42:09,680 numbers 1119 00:42:15,990 --> 00:42:14,000 now if we fast forward about 13.7 1120 00:42:17,670 --> 00:42:16,000 billion years and look around the 1121 00:42:19,990 --> 00:42:17,680 present day universe 1122 00:42:20,870 --> 00:42:20,000 of course we see structures of amazing 1123 00:42:24,630 --> 00:42:20,880 complexity 1124 00:42:26,710 --> 00:42:24,640 such as galaxies walls of galaxies 1125 00:42:28,150 --> 00:42:26,720 filaments of galaxies clusters of 1126 00:42:32,230 --> 00:42:28,160 galaxies 1127 00:42:34,630 --> 00:42:32,240 stars planets mountains trees etc so 1128 00:42:35,670 --> 00:42:34,640 one way of phrasing sort of the big 1129 00:42:38,309 --> 00:42:35,680 question 1130 00:42:39,510 --> 00:42:38,319 um that is a huge challenge for 1131 00:42:42,390 --> 00:42:39,520 astrophysics 1132 00:42:43,510 --> 00:42:42,400 is how this complexity arose in the 1133 00:42:45,190 --> 00:42:43,520 universe 1134 00:42:46,550 --> 00:42:45,200 and one way that i like to think about 1135 00:42:49,349 --> 00:42:46,560 it is can we 1136 00:42:51,589 --> 00:42:49,359 sort of decode the physical processes 1137 00:42:55,829 --> 00:42:51,599 that imprinted that complexity 1138 00:42:58,870 --> 00:42:55,839 onto the universe so this is a very 1139 00:43:01,510 --> 00:42:58,880 lightning tour of 1140 00:43:03,990 --> 00:43:01,520 uh sort of our modern picture of how 1141 00:43:05,670 --> 00:43:04,000 galaxy formation works in a cosmological 1142 00:43:07,670 --> 00:43:05,680 context 1143 00:43:08,790 --> 00:43:07,680 so from theoretical and numerical 1144 00:43:11,190 --> 00:43:08,800 calculations 1145 00:43:11,990 --> 00:43:11,200 we know that the dark matter and normal 1146 00:43:15,349 --> 00:43:12,000 matter 1147 00:43:16,069 --> 00:43:15,359 in the universe had some very small 1148 00:43:17,670 --> 00:43:16,079 lumps 1149 00:43:19,670 --> 00:43:17,680 in this early universe that we saw on 1150 00:43:22,390 --> 00:43:19,680 the cosmic microwave background 1151 00:43:24,470 --> 00:43:22,400 and over time as the universe expanded 1152 00:43:25,990 --> 00:43:24,480 gravity was a little bit stronger 1153 00:43:28,630 --> 00:43:26,000 wherever there was a little bit more 1154 00:43:29,990 --> 00:43:28,640 matter and so that caused matter to 1155 00:43:32,150 --> 00:43:30,000 clump together 1156 00:43:33,670 --> 00:43:32,160 under the force of gravity and form 1157 00:43:35,910 --> 00:43:33,680 gravitationally bound 1158 00:43:37,589 --> 00:43:35,920 structures so clumps of matter that were 1159 00:43:40,630 --> 00:43:37,599 not expanding anymore 1160 00:43:43,589 --> 00:43:40,640 that were held together by gravity 1161 00:43:45,510 --> 00:43:43,599 and inside of those cosmic structures 1162 00:43:48,550 --> 00:43:45,520 those bound structures 1163 00:43:51,589 --> 00:43:48,560 gas could accrete and cool down 1164 00:43:52,390 --> 00:43:51,599 and when gas cools down it falls to the 1165 00:43:55,349 --> 00:43:52,400 center 1166 00:43:56,069 --> 00:43:55,359 of the potential well and it can cool 1167 00:43:59,349 --> 00:43:56,079 off 1168 00:44:02,630 --> 00:43:59,359 and begin to form stars 1169 00:44:05,829 --> 00:44:02,640 now some of that gas may even 1170 00:44:08,150 --> 00:44:05,839 be able to accrete far far down into the 1171 00:44:11,349 --> 00:44:08,160 very center of the galaxy 1172 00:44:13,349 --> 00:44:11,359 where it may feed a supermassive black 1173 00:44:16,710 --> 00:44:13,359 hole 1174 00:44:19,030 --> 00:44:16,720 however once stars start to form 1175 00:44:20,309 --> 00:44:19,040 and once black holes start to accrete 1176 00:44:23,670 --> 00:44:20,319 both of those 1177 00:44:26,150 --> 00:44:23,680 can produce energetic radiation and that 1178 00:44:29,270 --> 00:44:26,160 radiation can heat the gas back up 1179 00:44:31,349 --> 00:44:29,280 and it can even push the gas out of 1180 00:44:33,349 --> 00:44:31,359 the center of the galaxy or even out of 1181 00:44:36,550 --> 00:44:33,359 the galaxy altogether so 1182 00:44:37,829 --> 00:44:36,560 we sometimes call this the cosmic baryon 1183 00:44:41,829 --> 00:44:37,839 cycle 1184 00:44:44,790 --> 00:44:41,839 gas is 1185 00:44:45,990 --> 00:44:44,800 falling in making stars and then cycling 1186 00:44:50,150 --> 00:44:46,000 back out and back 1187 00:44:53,349 --> 00:44:50,160 back in again 1188 00:44:53,670 --> 00:44:53,359 so um i'm going to present you with sort 1189 00:44:57,030 --> 00:44:53,680 of 1190 00:44:59,910 --> 00:44:57,040 think roman 1191 00:45:00,309 --> 00:44:59,920 will be able to help us answer and the 1192 00:45:03,710 --> 00:45:00,319 first 1193 00:45:04,950 --> 00:45:03,720 question has to do with a process called 1194 00:45:07,109 --> 00:45:04,960 re-ionization 1195 00:45:08,150 --> 00:45:07,119 now this is one of the strange 1196 00:45:11,750 --> 00:45:08,160 terminology 1197 00:45:15,430 --> 00:45:11,760 quirks in astrophysics 1198 00:45:21,190 --> 00:45:15,440 so in the very early universe 1199 00:45:24,230 --> 00:45:23,430 ionized so all of the protons and 1200 00:45:26,550 --> 00:45:24,240 electrons were 1201 00:45:27,990 --> 00:45:26,560 were separated but then as the universe 1202 00:45:29,670 --> 00:45:28,000 cooled down 1203 00:45:31,829 --> 00:45:29,680 uh the protons and the electrons 1204 00:45:34,069 --> 00:45:31,839 combined to form neutral atoms of 1205 00:45:36,710 --> 00:45:34,079 hydrogen and then there was a long 1206 00:45:39,829 --> 00:45:36,720 period that we call the dark ages 1207 00:45:41,829 --> 00:45:39,839 up until about uh 1208 00:45:43,030 --> 00:45:41,839 one or two hundred mil million years 1209 00:45:45,589 --> 00:45:43,040 after the big bang 1210 00:45:46,950 --> 00:45:45,599 when the first stars formed and those 1211 00:45:50,790 --> 00:45:46,960 first stars 1212 00:45:54,470 --> 00:45:50,800 produced photons that then could 1213 00:45:57,750 --> 00:45:54,480 again ionize the hydrogen 1214 00:45:58,710 --> 00:45:57,760 and so you could sort of visualize these 1215 00:46:01,510 --> 00:45:58,720 bubbles 1216 00:46:04,069 --> 00:46:01,520 of ionized hydrogen that would expand 1217 00:46:07,109 --> 00:46:04,079 outwards and eventually overlap 1218 00:46:09,109 --> 00:46:07,119 and since about 1219 00:46:10,710 --> 00:46:09,119 redshift six or so about a billion years 1220 00:46:11,589 --> 00:46:10,720 after the big bang we know that most of 1221 00:46:14,150 --> 00:46:11,599 the hydrogen 1222 00:46:15,829 --> 00:46:14,160 in the universe is ionized so the 1223 00:46:18,309 --> 00:46:15,839 question is 1224 00:46:20,390 --> 00:46:18,319 what sources produced these photons that 1225 00:46:22,470 --> 00:46:20,400 caused this process to occur 1226 00:46:23,510 --> 00:46:22,480 and how are those sources distributed in 1227 00:46:26,069 --> 00:46:23,520 space 1228 00:46:28,630 --> 00:46:26,079 we think we may be able to measure the 1229 00:46:29,589 --> 00:46:28,640 topology of these bubbles using radio 1230 00:46:31,750 --> 00:46:29,599 telescopes 1231 00:46:32,870 --> 00:46:31,760 and so it would be very exciting to be 1232 00:46:35,349 --> 00:46:32,880 able to map 1233 00:46:37,270 --> 00:46:35,359 the visible galaxies as we will be able 1234 00:46:41,270 --> 00:46:37,280 to do with the roman space telescope 1235 00:46:44,870 --> 00:46:41,280 and understand how they map onto 1236 00:46:49,510 --> 00:46:47,670 so another question i mentioned that 1237 00:46:51,349 --> 00:46:49,520 black holes may be able to form in the 1238 00:46:54,069 --> 00:46:51,359 centers of galaxies 1239 00:46:56,550 --> 00:46:54,079 is how did the very first black holes 1240 00:46:59,510 --> 00:46:56,560 form in the very early universe 1241 00:47:00,470 --> 00:46:59,520 and how does the environment around 1242 00:47:03,910 --> 00:47:00,480 those black holes 1243 00:47:05,750 --> 00:47:03,920 affect how rapidly they can grow 1244 00:47:07,030 --> 00:47:05,760 and then remember i mentioned that black 1245 00:47:10,150 --> 00:47:07,040 holes can cause 1246 00:47:12,790 --> 00:47:10,160 what we call a feedback process where 1247 00:47:14,230 --> 00:47:12,800 as soon as they start to grow they 1248 00:47:17,349 --> 00:47:14,240 essentially can 1249 00:47:18,630 --> 00:47:17,359 suppress further growth of the black 1250 00:47:21,030 --> 00:47:18,640 hole itself 1251 00:47:21,750 --> 00:47:21,040 as well as growth of the galaxy around 1252 00:47:25,430 --> 00:47:21,760 it 1253 00:47:28,630 --> 00:47:25,440 so what you see in the bottom 1254 00:47:30,950 --> 00:47:28,640 image here is a computer simulation 1255 00:47:32,470 --> 00:47:30,960 of the formation of structure galaxies 1256 00:47:35,510 --> 00:47:32,480 in black holes 1257 00:47:35,910 --> 00:47:35,520 by my collaborator melanie abusee and 1258 00:47:39,030 --> 00:47:35,920 each 1259 00:47:41,109 --> 00:47:39,040 x marks the location of a black hole so 1260 00:47:42,790 --> 00:47:41,119 you can see in the left panel here 1261 00:47:44,710 --> 00:47:42,800 that this black hole is in the middle of 1262 00:47:46,390 --> 00:47:44,720 a very dense structure with many many 1263 00:47:48,390 --> 00:47:46,400 galaxies around it 1264 00:47:49,430 --> 00:47:48,400 while on the right panel the black hole 1265 00:47:51,430 --> 00:47:49,440 has formed 1266 00:47:53,270 --> 00:47:51,440 in almost a void there are very few 1267 00:47:55,430 --> 00:47:53,280 other galaxies around it 1268 00:47:56,950 --> 00:47:55,440 now these massive black holes in the 1269 00:47:59,910 --> 00:47:56,960 early universe 1270 00:48:01,030 --> 00:47:59,920 are quite rare and so you need to be 1271 00:48:04,309 --> 00:48:01,040 able to survey 1272 00:48:06,230 --> 00:48:04,319 over very large areas in order to study 1273 00:48:08,549 --> 00:48:06,240 these relatively rare objects and this 1274 00:48:11,109 --> 00:48:08,559 is something that the roman telescope 1275 00:48:12,470 --> 00:48:11,119 will be able to do and tell us about how 1276 00:48:17,190 --> 00:48:12,480 black holes formed 1277 00:48:23,510 --> 00:48:20,309 so if we look at images of galaxies 1278 00:48:26,630 --> 00:48:23,520 in the nearby universe we see that they 1279 00:48:28,549 --> 00:48:26,640 have different shapes so many of you are 1280 00:48:30,870 --> 00:48:28,559 probably familiar with 1281 00:48:31,990 --> 00:48:30,880 spiral galaxies like our own milky way 1282 00:48:34,870 --> 00:48:32,000 galaxy 1283 00:48:36,950 --> 00:48:34,880 or you may have seen images of 1284 00:48:38,069 --> 00:48:36,960 elliptical galaxies which are these sort 1285 00:48:41,430 --> 00:48:38,079 of football 1286 00:48:42,870 --> 00:48:41,440 roundish galaxies and of course there's 1287 00:48:46,150 --> 00:48:42,880 enormous variety 1288 00:48:47,270 --> 00:48:46,160 within these these categories 1289 00:48:49,589 --> 00:48:47,280 but there are some interesting 1290 00:48:52,870 --> 00:48:49,599 correlations between 1291 00:48:56,390 --> 00:48:52,880 the galaxy's shape or morphology 1292 00:48:59,270 --> 00:48:56,400 and the stars inside the galaxy 1293 00:49:00,069 --> 00:48:59,280 so these spiral galaxies tend to have 1294 00:49:03,589 --> 00:49:00,079 stars 1295 00:49:06,549 --> 00:49:03,599 with blue colors that are quite young 1296 00:49:07,750 --> 00:49:06,559 while the elliptical galaxies tend to 1297 00:49:11,030 --> 00:49:07,760 have stars 1298 00:49:14,069 --> 00:49:11,040 that have red colors and are quite old 1299 00:49:16,790 --> 00:49:14,079 so there's a connection between the 1300 00:49:19,349 --> 00:49:16,800 galaxy's structure or morphology 1301 00:49:20,390 --> 00:49:19,359 and the stars that live inside of that 1302 00:49:22,470 --> 00:49:20,400 galaxy 1303 00:49:23,430 --> 00:49:22,480 and the physics that drives that 1304 00:49:27,030 --> 00:49:23,440 connection 1305 00:49:29,510 --> 00:49:27,040 is still not completely worked out 1306 00:49:30,630 --> 00:49:29,520 but then beyond that there's a 1307 00:49:33,910 --> 00:49:30,640 connection 1308 00:49:36,710 --> 00:49:33,920 between the type of galaxy 1309 00:49:38,630 --> 00:49:36,720 and it's its contents and its 1310 00:49:41,510 --> 00:49:38,640 large-scale environment 1311 00:49:44,230 --> 00:49:41,520 so um on the bottom right here is a 1312 00:49:46,710 --> 00:49:44,240 diagram of the locations of galaxies 1313 00:49:47,750 --> 00:49:46,720 in space from the sloan digital sky 1314 00:49:49,990 --> 00:49:47,760 survey 1315 00:49:52,630 --> 00:49:50,000 and you can see again that the galaxies 1316 00:49:55,829 --> 00:49:52,640 trace out these very large structures 1317 00:49:59,750 --> 00:49:55,839 so the the structures here 1318 00:50:01,589 --> 00:49:59,760 have scales of billions of light years 1319 00:50:03,829 --> 00:50:01,599 and you the colors here represent the 1320 00:50:05,430 --> 00:50:03,839 colors of the stars in the galaxies that 1321 00:50:06,710 --> 00:50:05,440 are tracing out these structures and so 1322 00:50:09,829 --> 00:50:06,720 again you can see 1323 00:50:12,710 --> 00:50:09,839 that the red galaxies tend to live in 1324 00:50:15,430 --> 00:50:12,720 these very dense regions of the universe 1325 00:50:18,150 --> 00:50:15,440 sort of the urban areas of the universe 1326 00:50:20,069 --> 00:50:18,160 while the blue galaxies are sort of more 1327 00:50:24,069 --> 00:50:20,079 uniformly spread out 1328 00:50:25,030 --> 00:50:24,079 living in the suburbs so the third big 1329 00:50:27,349 --> 00:50:25,040 question 1330 00:50:29,349 --> 00:50:27,359 is how the physical processes that have 1331 00:50:32,630 --> 00:50:29,359 shaped galaxy formation 1332 00:50:35,030 --> 00:50:32,640 over the last 13.8 billion years 1333 00:50:36,069 --> 00:50:35,040 have interacted across this vast range 1334 00:50:38,549 --> 00:50:36,079 of scales 1335 00:50:40,390 --> 00:50:38,559 from individual stars and black holes 1336 00:50:41,109 --> 00:50:40,400 which have sizes of less than a light 1337 00:50:42,790 --> 00:50:41,119 year 1338 00:50:44,309 --> 00:50:42,800 all the way out to these scales of 1339 00:50:47,510 --> 00:50:44,319 hundreds of thousands 1340 00:50:50,069 --> 00:50:47,520 to billions of light years 1341 00:50:52,549 --> 00:50:50,079 and so one reason that the roman space 1342 00:50:54,630 --> 00:50:52,559 telescope will be so transformational 1343 00:50:56,230 --> 00:50:54,640 is because of this combination that we 1344 00:50:59,990 --> 00:50:56,240 already heard about 1345 00:51:01,910 --> 00:51:00,000 of the high fidelity the high resolution 1346 00:51:03,510 --> 00:51:01,920 the sharpness of the image 1347 00:51:05,430 --> 00:51:03,520 and which you can see here will be 1348 00:51:07,510 --> 00:51:05,440 similar to what we 1349 00:51:09,190 --> 00:51:07,520 were able to obtain with a hubble space 1350 00:51:10,790 --> 00:51:09,200 telescope here in the hubble alternate 1351 00:51:12,549 --> 00:51:10,800 field so you can see 1352 00:51:15,270 --> 00:51:12,559 what type of galaxy it is what is the 1353 00:51:18,549 --> 00:51:15,280 galaxy structure 1354 00:51:20,950 --> 00:51:18,559 while simultaneously being able to map 1355 00:51:22,950 --> 00:51:20,960 large numbers of galaxies over these 1356 00:51:26,150 --> 00:51:22,960 vast areas and so study 1357 00:51:28,870 --> 00:51:26,160 this connection across this huge range 1358 00:51:31,190 --> 00:51:28,880 of spatial scales 1359 00:51:32,549 --> 00:51:31,200 so i will leave you with a summary of my 1360 00:51:41,030 --> 00:51:32,559 questions 1361 00:51:41,040 --> 00:51:44,950 thank you rachel 1362 00:51:50,790 --> 00:51:48,549 okay so um now we are going to 1363 00:51:52,630 --> 00:51:50,800 have our final presentation of the 1364 00:51:56,069 --> 00:51:52,640 workshop which will be followed by q 1365 00:51:57,109 --> 00:51:56,079 a and that presentation is by dr harry 1366 00:51:58,950 --> 00:51:57,119 ferguson 1367 00:52:05,829 --> 00:51:58,960 who will be telling us about science 1368 00:52:07,990 --> 00:52:05,839 synergies of the 2020s 1369 00:52:11,030 --> 00:52:08,000 all right can you see my screen and can 1370 00:52:14,870 --> 00:52:14,069 yes and yes thank you all right uh well 1371 00:52:16,870 --> 00:52:14,880 thank you very much 1372 00:52:18,390 --> 00:52:16,880 uh it's a pleasure to follow all the 1373 00:52:19,670 --> 00:52:18,400 other speakers here um 1374 00:52:21,990 --> 00:52:19,680 so i'm going to try to step back a 1375 00:52:25,109 --> 00:52:22,000 little bit from 1376 00:52:27,990 --> 00:52:25,119 the detailed science and just try to put 1377 00:52:29,349 --> 00:52:28,000 roman in context with other facilities 1378 00:52:31,510 --> 00:52:29,359 that are coming online 1379 00:52:32,870 --> 00:52:31,520 uh pretty soon of course hubble's been 1380 00:52:36,069 --> 00:52:32,880 online for quite a while 1381 00:52:37,589 --> 00:52:36,079 and roman is a uh worthy successor to 1382 00:52:40,150 --> 00:52:37,599 hubble in many ways 1383 00:52:40,950 --> 00:52:40,160 um the james webb telescope which will 1384 00:52:43,750 --> 00:52:40,960 be launched 1385 00:52:45,990 --> 00:52:43,760 uh in a few years uh let's hope that 1386 00:52:48,710 --> 00:52:46,000 covet doesn't delay it any longer 1387 00:52:49,589 --> 00:52:48,720 so maybe next year maybe the year after 1388 00:52:52,390 --> 00:52:49,599 um 1389 00:52:53,430 --> 00:52:52,400 and it it is also a successor to hubble 1390 00:52:57,190 --> 00:52:53,440 in many ways 1391 00:52:58,870 --> 00:52:57,200 um and uh so i'll describe that a little 1392 00:53:01,990 --> 00:52:58,880 bit 1393 00:53:03,349 --> 00:53:02,000 and um then there are a bunch of other 1394 00:53:06,870 --> 00:53:03,359 facilities and i will 1395 00:53:10,309 --> 00:53:06,880 uh focus on a few of them i i added 1396 00:53:12,309 --> 00:53:10,319 one so across the top of this diagram 1397 00:53:14,630 --> 00:53:12,319 uh shows the electromagnetic spectrum 1398 00:53:16,870 --> 00:53:14,640 running from the gamma rays to the radio 1399 00:53:17,750 --> 00:53:16,880 and the facilities are placed at sort of 1400 00:53:21,829 --> 00:53:17,760 roughly 1401 00:53:25,190 --> 00:53:21,839 the place where they are observing 1402 00:53:26,790 --> 00:53:25,200 um and uh so you can see things uh 1403 00:53:28,309 --> 00:53:26,800 stretching from the gamma rays down to 1404 00:53:30,950 --> 00:53:28,319 the radio 1405 00:53:32,710 --> 00:53:30,960 i added ligo which does not observe at 1406 00:53:34,150 --> 00:53:32,720 electromagnetic frequencies that's down 1407 00:53:35,990 --> 00:53:34,160 in the lower left 1408 00:53:38,230 --> 00:53:36,000 but is extremely exciting observing 1409 00:53:39,910 --> 00:53:38,240 gravitational waves for the first time 1410 00:53:42,309 --> 00:53:39,920 and of course following them up 1411 00:53:42,950 --> 00:53:42,319 electromagnetic in the electromagnetic 1412 00:53:45,750 --> 00:53:42,960 spectrum 1413 00:53:47,270 --> 00:53:45,760 is a is a big science goal for many of 1414 00:53:50,230 --> 00:53:47,280 these facilities 1415 00:53:51,190 --> 00:53:50,240 um i'm going to focus mostly on roman 1416 00:53:55,750 --> 00:53:51,200 webb 1417 00:53:58,470 --> 00:53:55,760 um the reuben observatory um yeah 1418 00:53:59,190 --> 00:53:58,480 and um the euclid observatory a little 1419 00:54:02,309 --> 00:53:59,200 bit 1420 00:54:04,230 --> 00:54:02,319 um coming online as well on the ground 1421 00:54:06,150 --> 00:54:04,240 sometime in the decade are extremely 1422 00:54:07,190 --> 00:54:06,160 large telescopes which i won't talk very 1423 00:54:10,710 --> 00:54:07,200 much about 1424 00:54:12,390 --> 00:54:10,720 uh but those uh have the light gathering 1425 00:54:13,109 --> 00:54:12,400 power that will exceed any of the other 1426 00:54:14,870 --> 00:54:13,119 ones 1427 00:54:17,510 --> 00:54:14,880 uh but of course they're down on the 1428 00:54:20,630 --> 00:54:17,520 earth so have the atmosphere in the way 1429 00:54:21,670 --> 00:54:20,640 um so the uh astrophysics communities 1430 00:54:23,750 --> 00:54:21,680 around the world 1431 00:54:26,069 --> 00:54:23,760 uh do strategic planning sort of on a 1432 00:54:28,390 --> 00:54:26,079 decadal time scale 1433 00:54:29,990 --> 00:54:28,400 it's called the catal surveys in the u.s 1434 00:54:33,990 --> 00:54:30,000 and there was one done in 1435 00:54:36,710 --> 00:54:34,000 around 2000 another one done in 2010. 1436 00:54:37,990 --> 00:54:36,720 the highest priority space mission from 1437 00:54:41,349 --> 00:54:38,000 2000 was james webb 1438 00:54:43,349 --> 00:54:41,359 telescope uh in the 2010 decadal survey 1439 00:54:46,309 --> 00:54:43,359 the highest priority ground-based 1440 00:54:48,150 --> 00:54:46,319 facility was the uh what was called the 1441 00:54:49,670 --> 00:54:48,160 large synoptic survey telescope at the 1442 00:54:50,950 --> 00:54:49,680 time was renamed the vera rubin 1443 00:54:54,630 --> 00:54:50,960 observatory 1444 00:54:57,750 --> 00:54:54,640 and then um a mission that was um 1445 00:55:01,109 --> 00:54:57,760 that the word wfirst um was 1446 00:55:05,349 --> 00:55:01,119 coined by this committee um 1447 00:55:07,190 --> 00:55:05,359 a wide field infrared space telescope 1448 00:55:08,950 --> 00:55:07,200 was recently renamed the nancy grace 1449 00:55:12,069 --> 00:55:08,960 roman space telescope 1450 00:55:15,190 --> 00:55:12,079 european astronomy does a similar 1451 00:55:17,990 --> 00:55:15,200 strategic planning and out of 1452 00:55:18,950 --> 00:55:18,000 not only that planning but competitions 1453 00:55:20,309 --> 00:55:18,960 emerged 1454 00:55:21,990 --> 00:55:20,319 euclid mission which is very 1455 00:55:24,710 --> 00:55:22,000 complementary to 1456 00:55:25,910 --> 00:55:24,720 the other two wide field telescopes i 1457 00:55:30,789 --> 00:55:25,920 just talked about 1458 00:55:37,270 --> 00:55:35,589 ground-based telescope um 1459 00:55:39,670 --> 00:55:37,280 so i want to talk a little bit about 1460 00:55:42,309 --> 00:55:39,680 science themes because that's what 1461 00:55:43,990 --> 00:55:42,319 those decadal surveys look at to try to 1462 00:55:47,190 --> 00:55:44,000 decide what facilities 1463 00:55:48,309 --> 00:55:47,200 they have and so we heard from adam 1464 00:55:50,230 --> 00:55:48,319 reese among others 1465 00:55:51,670 --> 00:55:50,240 about the physics of universe and dark 1466 00:55:54,230 --> 00:55:51,680 energy in particular 1467 00:55:55,349 --> 00:55:54,240 and the various ways we have of trying 1468 00:55:57,589 --> 00:55:55,359 to get at 1469 00:55:59,589 --> 00:55:57,599 and do measurements that are relative to 1470 00:55:59,910 --> 00:55:59,599 understanding dark energy so type on 1471 00:56:02,789 --> 00:55:59,920 earth 1472 00:56:04,630 --> 00:56:02,799 on a supernova uh finding them and 1473 00:56:06,390 --> 00:56:04,640 measuring their light curves 1474 00:56:09,109 --> 00:56:06,400 at various distances gravitational 1475 00:56:09,910 --> 00:56:09,119 lensing baryon acoustic oscillations so 1476 00:56:12,950 --> 00:56:09,920 measuring the 1477 00:56:14,710 --> 00:56:12,960 pres the positions of galaxies um and 1478 00:56:17,430 --> 00:56:14,720 looking for the signal of clustering 1479 00:56:19,190 --> 00:56:17,440 in that in those positions and 1480 00:56:20,710 --> 00:56:19,200 velocities 1481 00:56:22,789 --> 00:56:20,720 measuring the growth of clusters of 1482 00:56:24,950 --> 00:56:22,799 galaxies are some of the major ways and 1483 00:56:27,510 --> 00:56:24,960 there are others 1484 00:56:28,470 --> 00:56:27,520 planetary systems are a big theme 1485 00:56:31,030 --> 00:56:28,480 looking for 1486 00:56:31,670 --> 00:56:31,040 external planetary systems via various 1487 00:56:37,430 --> 00:56:31,680 techniques 1488 00:56:40,950 --> 00:56:39,829 gravitational micro lensing so looking 1489 00:56:43,190 --> 00:56:40,960 for the effect 1490 00:56:45,589 --> 00:56:43,200 tiny effect relatively tiny effect of 1491 00:56:48,950 --> 00:56:45,599 gravitation of planets 1492 00:56:51,910 --> 00:56:48,960 passing in front of stars while they 1493 00:56:55,430 --> 00:56:51,920 pass in front of other stars 1494 00:56:58,069 --> 00:56:55,440 velocities of uh 1495 00:56:59,349 --> 00:56:58,079 of stars that have planets orbiting them 1496 00:57:01,589 --> 00:56:59,359 radial velocities 1497 00:57:03,349 --> 00:57:01,599 or positions the wobble if you can 1498 00:57:05,430 --> 00:57:03,359 observe measure very very precise 1499 00:57:07,190 --> 00:57:05,440 positions measure the wobble 1500 00:57:09,750 --> 00:57:07,200 that is induced in the position of the 1501 00:57:10,950 --> 00:57:09,760 star or look for the signature of 1502 00:57:14,150 --> 00:57:10,960 planets in the 1503 00:57:16,470 --> 00:57:14,160 dust and debris around other stars 1504 00:57:18,549 --> 00:57:16,480 or try to understand the formation of 1505 00:57:18,870 --> 00:57:18,559 planetary systems and our solar system 1506 00:57:21,750 --> 00:57:18,880 by 1507 00:57:24,069 --> 00:57:21,760 studying the debris left or left the 1508 00:57:26,230 --> 00:57:24,079 small bodies in our solar system 1509 00:57:29,030 --> 00:57:26,240 that were left there during the 1510 00:57:31,109 --> 00:57:29,040 formation of our own solar system 1511 00:57:32,549 --> 00:57:31,119 um and then rachel somerville talked 1512 00:57:34,549 --> 00:57:32,559 about cosmic dawn 1513 00:57:37,270 --> 00:57:34,559 and of course we have various ways of 1514 00:57:40,390 --> 00:57:37,280 trying to find and study galaxies so 1515 00:57:43,030 --> 00:57:40,400 just going out and measuring uh 1516 00:57:44,470 --> 00:57:43,040 taking images through various filters to 1517 00:57:46,549 --> 00:57:44,480 estimate colors 1518 00:57:48,230 --> 00:57:46,559 measure spectral features with a 1519 00:57:50,390 --> 00:57:48,240 spectrograph 1520 00:57:52,470 --> 00:57:50,400 look for supernovae that might be 1521 00:57:55,270 --> 00:57:52,480 signatures of the earliest stars the 1522 00:57:56,710 --> 00:57:55,280 the certain massive stars explode in 1523 00:57:57,990 --> 00:57:56,720 what's known as parent stability 1524 00:57:59,589 --> 00:57:58,000 supernova 1525 00:58:01,270 --> 00:57:59,599 they're rare enough that it takes a wide 1526 00:58:03,910 --> 00:58:01,280 field of view and a 1527 00:58:05,510 --> 00:58:03,920 long time monitoring to find them but 1528 00:58:08,870 --> 00:58:05,520 they may be among the most 1529 00:58:09,670 --> 00:58:08,880 um uh interesting signposts of the first 1530 00:58:12,069 --> 00:58:09,680 stars 1531 00:58:14,150 --> 00:58:12,079 in the universe if we can find them uh 1532 00:58:15,670 --> 00:58:14,160 intervening absorption lines so look for 1533 00:58:19,030 --> 00:58:15,680 a bright quasar 1534 00:58:22,150 --> 00:58:19,040 or sum up the spectra of bright galaxies 1535 00:58:23,990 --> 00:58:22,160 and look at the chemical composition 1536 00:58:25,829 --> 00:58:24,000 and velocities and so on of the 1537 00:58:28,150 --> 00:58:25,839 intermediate meeting 1538 00:58:29,990 --> 00:58:28,160 intervening intergalactic medium 1539 00:58:33,349 --> 00:58:30,000 absorbing some of the light 1540 00:58:35,270 --> 00:58:33,359 of those distant objects intensity 1541 00:58:36,470 --> 00:58:35,280 mapping of emission lines is a fairly 1542 00:58:39,270 --> 00:58:36,480 new field 1543 00:58:41,349 --> 00:58:39,280 it's part of what is motivating radio 1544 00:58:43,030 --> 00:58:41,359 surveys but it can also be done 1545 00:58:45,750 --> 00:58:43,040 at optical wavelengths and it's 1546 00:58:49,430 --> 00:58:45,760 basically trying to sum together 1547 00:58:51,349 --> 00:58:49,440 the sky in just in a very narrow 1548 00:58:54,549 --> 00:58:51,359 emission line and then look at 1549 00:58:56,549 --> 00:58:54,559 uh the clustering signal um to try to 1550 00:58:59,270 --> 00:58:56,559 map out filaments and so on in 1551 00:59:01,030 --> 00:58:59,280 um intensity of the mission lines uh and 1552 00:59:02,789 --> 00:59:01,040 then another way to get at the earliest 1553 00:59:04,870 --> 00:59:02,799 galaxies is to look at the 1554 00:59:06,230 --> 00:59:04,880 oldest stars nearby because those would 1555 00:59:09,190 --> 00:59:06,240 have been the ones that formed 1556 00:59:10,230 --> 00:59:09,200 the earliest so in the milky way or in 1557 00:59:13,270 --> 00:59:10,240 the close 1558 00:59:15,990 --> 00:59:13,280 environment of the milky way finally the 1559 00:59:17,430 --> 00:59:16,000 time domain is just an area of discovery 1560 00:59:19,030 --> 00:59:17,440 because we've really never had 1561 00:59:23,270 --> 00:59:19,040 facilities that can 1562 00:59:25,430 --> 00:59:23,280 cover as much of the sky as frequently 1563 00:59:27,670 --> 00:59:25,440 as we will have and this will allow us 1564 00:59:28,470 --> 00:59:27,680 to find black hole events not only from 1565 00:59:31,349 --> 00:59:28,480 time domain 1566 00:59:32,230 --> 00:59:31,359 surveys in the electromagnetic spectrum 1567 00:59:34,950 --> 00:59:32,240 but also from 1568 00:59:37,750 --> 00:59:34,960 gravitational waves um look for motions 1569 00:59:40,789 --> 00:59:37,760 of stars measure motions of stars 1570 00:59:43,829 --> 00:59:40,799 accurately um over long 1571 00:59:46,470 --> 00:59:43,839 time baselines microlensing 1572 00:59:48,230 --> 00:59:46,480 and explosions looking for supernovae or 1573 00:59:48,789 --> 00:59:48,240 other kinds of explosions maybe ones 1574 00:59:54,470 --> 00:59:48,799 that we 1575 00:59:55,910 --> 00:59:54,480 study the pulsations of stars so there's 1576 00:59:57,349 --> 00:59:55,920 all sorts of things we can do in the 1577 01:00:00,470 --> 00:59:57,359 time domain 1578 01:00:01,589 --> 01:00:00,480 with these facilities um so i just want 1579 01:00:03,349 --> 01:00:01,599 to briefly sort of run 1580 01:00:04,789 --> 01:00:03,359 through why we need all these different 1581 01:00:06,309 --> 01:00:04,799 facilities and basically 1582 01:00:08,150 --> 01:00:06,319 you can't build a telescope that does 1583 01:00:10,950 --> 01:00:08,160 everything so you have to build multiple 1584 01:00:12,390 --> 01:00:10,960 facilities one of the most uh important 1585 01:00:13,430 --> 01:00:12,400 ones is the field of view and we've 1586 01:00:16,710 --> 01:00:13,440 talked about that a bit 1587 01:00:19,990 --> 01:00:16,720 so far i want to mention 1588 01:00:23,109 --> 01:00:20,000 uh roman in context with some other 1589 01:00:26,870 --> 01:00:23,119 facilities so the the big 1590 01:00:29,430 --> 01:00:26,880 um blue squares 1591 01:00:31,510 --> 01:00:29,440 are the vera reuben observatory the gr 1592 01:00:33,510 --> 01:00:31,520 this big ground-based facility 1593 01:00:35,430 --> 01:00:33,520 which has a field of view much larger 1594 01:00:38,470 --> 01:00:35,440 than any of the others 1595 01:00:41,990 --> 01:00:38,480 um in fact uh it will be the largest uh 1596 01:00:45,510 --> 01:00:42,000 camera uh ever built um 1597 01:00:47,829 --> 01:00:45,520 and put in context are 1598 01:00:49,589 --> 01:00:47,839 the widest area survey that hubble has 1599 01:00:52,230 --> 01:00:49,599 done the cosmos survey 1600 01:00:53,109 --> 01:00:52,240 and a very wide deep one that i was 1601 01:00:54,789 --> 01:00:53,119 involved in 1602 01:00:57,430 --> 01:00:54,799 candle survey which took about three 1603 01:01:01,270 --> 01:00:57,440 months of hubble observing time spread 1604 01:01:04,950 --> 01:01:01,280 over three years so very major project 1605 01:01:07,030 --> 01:01:04,960 and the 1606 01:01:07,990 --> 01:01:07,040 lsst while it has this giant field of 1607 01:01:11,670 --> 01:01:08,000 view has a 1608 01:01:13,910 --> 01:01:11,680 relatively coarse uh pixel scale and 1609 01:01:15,589 --> 01:01:13,920 resolution so pixel scale of 0.2 arc 1610 01:01:18,630 --> 01:01:15,599 seconds per pixel and a 1611 01:01:21,190 --> 01:01:18,640 typical seeing of 0.6 um 1612 01:01:23,190 --> 01:01:21,200 the roman field of view fits inside that 1613 01:01:27,109 --> 01:01:23,200 so we can't cover with roman 1614 01:01:28,470 --> 01:01:27,119 nearly the area that lsst can cover in 1615 01:01:31,829 --> 01:01:28,480 one grasp 1616 01:01:34,470 --> 01:01:31,839 uh one one one shot but um 1617 01:01:35,589 --> 01:01:34,480 of course we get a finer image in 1618 01:01:40,150 --> 01:01:35,599 contrast to that 1619 01:01:42,150 --> 01:01:40,160 the jwc near cam is those two tiny 1620 01:01:44,549 --> 01:01:42,160 uh that's the whole field of view of 1621 01:01:47,109 --> 01:01:44,559 near cam on jwst 1622 01:01:48,870 --> 01:01:47,119 um and that's actually bigger than the 1623 01:01:50,870 --> 01:01:48,880 field of view of hubble so it took a 1624 01:01:53,349 --> 01:01:50,880 tile of many many of these 1625 01:01:55,190 --> 01:01:53,359 uh to make the candles image and it 1626 01:01:57,109 --> 01:01:55,200 would take tiles of many many of these 1627 01:02:00,789 --> 01:01:57,119 to do similar surveys with 1628 01:02:02,390 --> 01:02:00,799 uh web vera rubin 1629 01:02:05,029 --> 01:02:02,400 observatory this big ground-based 1630 01:02:07,109 --> 01:02:05,039 telescope will have 3.2 billion pixels 1631 01:02:08,150 --> 01:02:07,119 will image the sky every 30 seconds for 1632 01:02:10,549 --> 01:02:08,160 10 years and 1633 01:02:12,470 --> 01:02:10,559 will have a catalog of about 20 billion 1634 01:02:16,230 --> 01:02:12,480 galaxies 1635 01:02:18,069 --> 01:02:16,240 um spatial resolution is another axis 1636 01:02:19,589 --> 01:02:18,079 and that's where you really want to get 1637 01:02:22,470 --> 01:02:19,599 into space or 1638 01:02:24,150 --> 01:02:22,480 and or have a very big mirror and if you 1639 01:02:24,549 --> 01:02:24,160 do it on the ground you have to invest 1640 01:02:26,549 --> 01:02:24,559 in 1641 01:02:28,390 --> 01:02:26,559 adaptive optics and try to take out the 1642 01:02:30,150 --> 01:02:28,400 atmosphere which is very very 1643 01:02:31,430 --> 01:02:30,160 challenging and won't be done with a 1644 01:02:33,910 --> 01:02:31,440 wide field of view 1645 01:02:35,349 --> 01:02:33,920 any time in our lifetime i don't think 1646 01:02:38,230 --> 01:02:35,359 um 1647 01:02:39,430 --> 01:02:38,240 so this is just a comparison of what a 1648 01:02:41,910 --> 01:02:39,440 typical image with 1649 01:02:43,910 --> 01:02:41,920 roman might look like compared to reuben 1650 01:02:47,349 --> 01:02:43,920 so you'll get much finer 1651 01:02:47,829 --> 01:02:47,359 detail of galaxies and stars and so on 1652 01:02:51,029 --> 01:02:47,839 uh 1653 01:02:51,990 --> 01:02:51,039 with the roman observatory this is a 1654 01:02:54,069 --> 01:02:52,000 comparison of 1655 01:02:55,270 --> 01:02:54,079 webb versus hubble which you could take 1656 01:02:57,430 --> 01:02:55,280 to be uh 1657 01:02:58,870 --> 01:02:57,440 webb versus roman because roman's very 1658 01:03:02,789 --> 01:02:58,880 similar to hubble and 1659 01:03:05,910 --> 01:03:02,799 resolution and so you can see jayrus t 1660 01:03:06,549 --> 01:03:05,920 or web um in the visible will have a 1661 01:03:08,950 --> 01:03:06,559 little bit 1662 01:03:10,630 --> 01:03:08,960 better resolution um but as you move 1663 01:03:13,910 --> 01:03:10,640 further to the infrared where it 1664 01:03:15,190 --> 01:03:13,920 its bigger mirror sort of gives it a big 1665 01:03:15,990 --> 01:03:15,200 advantage and you'll get better 1666 01:03:19,589 --> 01:03:16,000 resolution 1667 01:03:22,950 --> 01:03:19,599 it has a 0.03 arc second per pixel scale 1668 01:03:28,309 --> 01:03:22,960 compared to hubble which was 0.05 and 1669 01:03:32,789 --> 01:03:30,710 and then um the wavelength range the 1670 01:03:35,510 --> 01:03:32,799 spectral resolution and the sensitivity 1671 01:03:36,630 --> 01:03:35,520 are also extremely important attributes 1672 01:03:39,190 --> 01:03:36,640 of telescopes 1673 01:03:40,950 --> 01:03:39,200 and i'll try to summarize those on one 1674 01:03:43,510 --> 01:03:40,960 graph that compares these 1675 01:03:44,069 --> 01:03:43,520 different facilities so the euclid 1676 01:03:46,390 --> 01:03:44,079 satellite 1677 01:03:47,910 --> 01:03:46,400 which is a 1.3 meter telescope being 1678 01:03:51,029 --> 01:03:47,920 launched in 2022 1679 01:03:51,510 --> 01:03:51,039 by the european space agency uh also to 1680 01:03:54,870 --> 01:03:51,520 look 1681 01:03:57,349 --> 01:03:54,880 uh its big focus is to do kinds 1682 01:03:58,309 --> 01:03:57,359 the kinds of measurements on dark energy 1683 01:04:01,109 --> 01:03:58,319 that we're all hoping 1684 01:04:02,309 --> 01:04:01,119 all these facilities do so in particular 1685 01:04:05,589 --> 01:04:02,319 measure weak lensing 1686 01:04:09,109 --> 01:04:05,599 and clustering of galaxies 1687 01:04:11,990 --> 01:04:09,119 and it is 1688 01:04:14,549 --> 01:04:12,000 looking in particular or one of its 1689 01:04:17,910 --> 01:04:14,559 goals is to find emission line galaxies 1690 01:04:19,670 --> 01:04:17,920 uh with a spectrograph the spectrograph 1691 01:04:22,150 --> 01:04:19,680 while not as sensitive as these 1692 01:04:24,630 --> 01:04:22,160 imaging limits so its imaging limit is 1693 01:04:27,750 --> 01:04:24,640 about 24th magnitude which is 1694 01:04:29,750 --> 01:04:27,760 um it's uh 1695 01:04:30,950 --> 01:04:29,760 not you need a big telescope on the 1696 01:04:31,910 --> 01:04:30,960 ground to do that but it's not 1697 01:04:33,430 --> 01:04:31,920 particularly 1698 01:04:35,670 --> 01:04:33,440 challenging to do that from the ground 1699 01:04:37,510 --> 01:04:35,680 but you can't do that in the infrared 1700 01:04:38,789 --> 01:04:37,520 very easily over wide areas from the 1701 01:04:40,630 --> 01:04:38,799 ground 1702 01:04:42,630 --> 01:04:40,640 it then has a spectrograph that will be 1703 01:04:45,349 --> 01:04:42,640 able to see these emission lines 1704 01:04:46,710 --> 01:04:45,359 um with a a limiting magnitude that's 1705 01:04:48,870 --> 01:04:46,720 somewhat brighter but it the 1706 01:04:50,870 --> 01:04:48,880 emission lines still peak over that it 1707 01:04:52,470 --> 01:04:50,880 will survey a large fraction of this guy 1708 01:04:55,750 --> 01:04:52,480 sort of a third of the scar 1709 01:04:56,390 --> 01:04:55,760 sky or so the reuben telescope will 1710 01:04:59,750 --> 01:04:56,400 survey 1711 01:05:01,990 --> 01:04:59,760 about half the sky southern hemisphere 1712 01:05:03,029 --> 01:05:02,000 so it's a telescope in chile and will go 1713 01:05:05,910 --> 01:05:03,039 much much fainter 1714 01:05:06,309 --> 01:05:05,920 it's an imaging facility only so it goes 1715 01:05:08,630 --> 01:05:06,319 uh 1716 01:05:10,710 --> 01:05:08,640 very faint in imaging and it's an 1717 01:05:15,270 --> 01:05:10,720 optical facility only 1718 01:05:17,750 --> 01:05:15,280 sort of touching the near infrared um 1719 01:05:18,630 --> 01:05:17,760 roman is primarily a near-infrared 1720 01:05:20,150 --> 01:05:18,640 facility 1721 01:05:22,230 --> 01:05:20,160 that overlaps a little bit with the 1722 01:05:24,950 --> 01:05:22,240 reuben uh wavelengths 1723 01:05:26,470 --> 01:05:24,960 it can go deeper and it has a finer 1724 01:05:28,230 --> 01:05:26,480 resolution that we just saw 1725 01:05:30,789 --> 01:05:28,240 it won't cover nearly the area about a 1726 01:05:33,270 --> 01:05:30,799 tenth of the area over the mission 1727 01:05:35,270 --> 01:05:33,280 and then the web will cover a tiny 1728 01:05:36,150 --> 01:05:35,280 fraction of the area of any of these 1729 01:05:39,270 --> 01:05:36,160 surveys 1730 01:05:42,309 --> 01:05:39,280 but will go many magnitudes deeper 1731 01:05:44,549 --> 01:05:42,319 and so that that is really 1732 01:05:45,349 --> 01:05:44,559 what you need you'll be able to find for 1733 01:05:47,349 --> 01:05:45,359 example 1734 01:05:48,870 --> 01:05:47,359 redshift seven galaxies which is looking 1735 01:05:51,029 --> 01:05:48,880 back 1736 01:05:52,069 --> 01:05:51,039 more within a billion years at the big 1737 01:05:53,750 --> 01:05:52,079 bang 1738 01:05:55,990 --> 01:05:53,760 so very early galaxies you'll be able to 1739 01:05:58,870 --> 01:05:56,000 find the brighter ones with roman 1740 01:06:00,150 --> 01:05:58,880 and you can see the sort of signature of 1741 01:06:02,630 --> 01:06:00,160 their spectrum 1742 01:06:04,150 --> 01:06:02,640 uh in the colors of the roman filters 1743 01:06:05,589 --> 01:06:04,160 but you'll really be able to study them 1744 01:06:06,789 --> 01:06:05,599 and measure their shapes and measure the 1745 01:06:08,230 --> 01:06:06,799 fainter ones 1746 01:06:10,230 --> 01:06:08,240 with the webb telescope and find the 1747 01:06:12,309 --> 01:06:10,240 more distant ones 1748 01:06:13,990 --> 01:06:12,319 so just to sort of summarize the science 1749 01:06:15,430 --> 01:06:14,000 trades and i haven't gone through all of 1750 01:06:18,950 --> 01:06:15,440 them so you have the field of view the 1751 01:06:22,390 --> 01:06:18,960 spectral resolution the wavelength range 1752 01:06:24,150 --> 01:06:22,400 sensitivity i didn't talk about contrast 1753 01:06:26,470 --> 01:06:24,160 jason talked about that a bit in his 1754 01:06:29,430 --> 01:06:26,480 talk on the um 1755 01:06:31,270 --> 01:06:29,440 the coronagraph and then we talked a 1756 01:06:33,430 --> 01:06:31,280 little bit about the time domain 1757 01:06:35,349 --> 01:06:33,440 agility and it so if you just go back to 1758 01:06:37,829 --> 01:06:35,359 those decadal themes 1759 01:06:38,710 --> 01:06:37,839 uh you sort of need to emphasize field 1760 01:06:40,549 --> 01:06:38,720 of view spatial 1761 01:06:42,950 --> 01:06:40,559 spatial resolution wavelength range and 1762 01:06:44,710 --> 01:06:42,960 sensitivity uh to be studying 1763 01:06:47,589 --> 01:06:44,720 uh the dark energy and the physics of 1764 01:06:48,150 --> 01:06:47,599 the universe the cosmic dawn emphasizes 1765 01:06:51,349 --> 01:06:48,160 the 1766 01:06:54,069 --> 01:06:51,359 and sensitivity 1767 01:06:56,069 --> 01:06:54,079 planetary systems really need everything 1768 01:06:58,230 --> 01:06:56,079 uh because the planets are faint 1769 01:06:59,430 --> 01:06:58,240 uh but the stars around them are bright 1770 01:07:02,230 --> 01:06:59,440 um and you need 1771 01:07:04,309 --> 01:07:02,240 um to look at it over time and you need 1772 01:07:06,870 --> 01:07:04,319 a wide field of view for some of the 1773 01:07:08,309 --> 01:07:06,880 planet finding uh techniques like 1774 01:07:11,190 --> 01:07:08,319 microlensing 1775 01:07:12,230 --> 01:07:11,200 um and then time domain uh needs uh 1776 01:07:14,710 --> 01:07:12,240 field of view 1777 01:07:15,910 --> 01:07:14,720 wavelength range sensitivity and some 1778 01:07:19,109 --> 01:07:15,920 ability which 1779 01:07:20,630 --> 01:07:19,119 uh means the ability to visit fields 1780 01:07:24,710 --> 01:07:20,640 many times 1781 01:07:27,589 --> 01:07:24,720 uh observe fairly rapidly uh it also 1782 01:07:28,069 --> 01:07:27,599 for some science means the ability to 1783 01:07:31,349 --> 01:07:28,079 react 1784 01:07:33,190 --> 01:07:31,359 rapidly which is a real challenge in in 1785 01:07:36,390 --> 01:07:33,200 many facilities to do that 1786 01:07:38,069 --> 01:07:36,400 so one example in the time domain 1787 01:07:40,390 --> 01:07:38,079 which is particularly exciting right now 1788 01:07:41,430 --> 01:07:40,400 is ligo is discovering gravitational 1789 01:07:42,789 --> 01:07:41,440 wave events 1790 01:07:44,630 --> 01:07:42,799 now you actually might be able to 1791 01:07:45,029 --> 01:07:44,640 discover those with a wide field survey 1792 01:07:47,910 --> 01:07:45,039 like 1793 01:07:48,549 --> 01:07:47,920 lsst in the electromagnetic spectrum 1794 01:07:50,630 --> 01:07:48,559 before 1795 01:07:52,549 --> 01:07:50,640 or at the same time as a gravitational 1796 01:07:54,390 --> 01:07:52,559 wave observatory finds them 1797 01:07:56,150 --> 01:07:54,400 but you need a very wide field to have a 1798 01:07:58,870 --> 01:07:56,160 hope to do that um 1799 01:07:59,910 --> 01:07:58,880 but um in the current scenarios ligo 1800 01:08:02,710 --> 01:07:59,920 detects it 1801 01:08:03,990 --> 01:08:02,720 you then try to localize it and ligos 1802 01:08:07,109 --> 01:08:04,000 and virgo together 1803 01:08:10,230 --> 01:08:07,119 virgo's an italian gravitational wave 1804 01:08:10,630 --> 01:08:10,240 detector can localize it to a an area 1805 01:08:12,789 --> 01:08:10,640 that's 1806 01:08:14,150 --> 01:08:12,799 actually still much larger than the lsst 1807 01:08:15,109 --> 01:08:14,160 field of view so you need some other 1808 01:08:18,070 --> 01:08:15,119 facilities 1809 01:08:18,709 --> 01:08:18,080 to localize to small enough that lsst 1810 01:08:20,709 --> 01:08:18,719 can find 1811 01:08:23,430 --> 01:08:20,719 something that may look a little bit 1812 01:08:25,669 --> 01:08:23,440 different and in any field there may be 1813 01:08:27,910 --> 01:08:25,679 many hundreds of those so you need to 1814 01:08:30,390 --> 01:08:27,920 figure out which one it was 1815 01:08:32,070 --> 01:08:30,400 and then if you can do that webb and 1816 01:08:34,630 --> 01:08:32,080 roman can localize it even further 1817 01:08:38,070 --> 01:08:34,640 within the galaxy and measure it over 1818 01:08:40,470 --> 01:08:38,080 months and weeks and months 1819 01:08:41,829 --> 01:08:40,480 uh so just to to bring back to the 1820 01:08:44,149 --> 01:08:41,839 beginning uh there are 1821 01:08:45,590 --> 01:08:44,159 exciting times to come within a few 1822 01:08:47,349 --> 01:08:45,600 years we're going to have these 1823 01:08:50,630 --> 01:08:47,359 revolutionary facilities 1824 01:08:53,749 --> 01:08:50,640 uh operating uh all at the same time 1825 01:08:55,189 --> 01:08:53,759 and astronomy's just going to continue 1826 01:08:58,229 --> 01:08:55,199 the revolution that was 1827 01:09:02,870 --> 01:08:58,239 begun by all the previous telescopes 1828 01:09:06,470 --> 01:09:05,349 thank you harry we're all very excited 1829 01:09:10,309 --> 01:09:06,480 to see what the 1830 01:09:16,229 --> 01:09:13,510 all right so um for those of you 1831 01:09:25,269 --> 01:09:16,239 watching this live event um i encourage 1832 01:09:28,390 --> 01:09:27,829 that have already come in so um grant is 1833 01:09:30,870 --> 01:09:28,400 going to 1834 01:09:32,070 --> 01:09:30,880 work us through those i encourage all of 1835 01:09:34,390 --> 01:09:32,080 our speakers to 1836 01:09:35,749 --> 01:09:34,400 turn on their videos um so that people 1837 01:09:38,309 --> 01:09:35,759 can see you as you're responding to the 1838 01:09:45,110 --> 01:09:41,749 so grant do you want to kick us off 1839 01:09:46,950 --> 01:09:45,120 yeah absolutely um so 1840 01:09:48,309 --> 01:09:46,960 thank you everyone for joining i 1841 01:09:50,309 --> 01:09:48,319 apologize again for 1842 01:09:51,430 --> 01:09:50,319 our slightly later start than we 1843 01:09:54,470 --> 01:09:51,440 expected 1844 01:09:57,590 --> 01:09:54,480 but uh the first one is for dr lupier 1845 01:10:00,950 --> 01:09:57,600 what was the subject of ngr's 1950 1846 01:10:03,990 --> 01:10:00,960 top 100 apj paper 1847 01:10:05,030 --> 01:10:04,000 yes uh nancy grace roman uh was 1848 01:10:08,709 --> 01:10:05,040 measuring 1849 01:10:10,709 --> 01:10:08,719 uh uh stars star similar to the sun 1850 01:10:12,790 --> 01:10:10,719 and uh she was using spectral 1851 01:10:13,669 --> 01:10:12,800 classification that that her thesis 1852 01:10:16,630 --> 01:10:13,679 advisor 1853 01:10:17,270 --> 01:10:16,640 and others had defined and and what she 1854 01:10:20,950 --> 01:10:17,280 found 1855 01:10:23,990 --> 01:10:20,960 was that these stars that had 1856 01:10:25,830 --> 01:10:24,000 um components heavier than hydrogen we 1857 01:10:28,310 --> 01:10:25,840 call them metal lines 1858 01:10:30,390 --> 01:10:28,320 metal line stars anything heavier than 1859 01:10:34,790 --> 01:10:30,400 than hydrogen uh 1860 01:10:37,990 --> 01:10:34,800 stars with the with metal lines had uh 1861 01:10:41,510 --> 01:10:38,000 had velocities that spanned 1862 01:10:43,910 --> 01:10:41,520 a large range and uh these 1863 01:10:44,870 --> 01:10:43,920 metal line stars had velocity range 1864 01:10:47,270 --> 01:10:44,880 where they were 1865 01:10:48,630 --> 01:10:47,280 some of the velocities were faster than 1866 01:10:51,830 --> 01:10:48,640 you know 70 1867 01:10:54,950 --> 01:10:51,840 uh 70 kilometers 1868 01:10:57,990 --> 01:10:54,960 per second and the 1869 01:10:59,510 --> 01:10:58,000 non-metal line stars also had a range of 1870 01:11:02,550 --> 01:10:59,520 velocity but not 1871 01:11:03,990 --> 01:11:02,560 any not the very fast speeds so these 1872 01:11:05,830 --> 01:11:04,000 stars were not 1873 01:11:08,070 --> 01:11:05,840 moving at very fast speeds so that was 1874 01:11:10,950 --> 01:11:08,080 able that 1875 01:11:11,510 --> 01:11:10,960 that she was able to tell something 1876 01:11:13,750 --> 01:11:11,520 about 1877 01:11:15,110 --> 01:11:13,760 um you know the difference between the 1878 01:11:17,910 --> 01:11:15,120 two sets of stars 1879 01:11:19,189 --> 01:11:17,920 and uh learn something about you know 1880 01:11:21,189 --> 01:11:19,199 the first 1881 01:11:22,310 --> 01:11:21,199 pieces of information about galactic 1882 01:11:24,709 --> 01:11:22,320 structure 1883 01:11:26,149 --> 01:11:24,719 uh because she found found these metal 1884 01:11:32,550 --> 01:11:26,159 line stars 1885 01:11:33,669 --> 01:11:32,560 and redder and um moving in more 1886 01:11:36,630 --> 01:11:33,679 elliptical orbits 1887 01:11:37,990 --> 01:11:36,640 whereas the you know the stars with more 1888 01:11:40,149 --> 01:11:38,000 metal lines were younger 1889 01:11:46,070 --> 01:11:40,159 and they were more they tended more to 1890 01:11:53,510 --> 01:11:50,470 awesome thank you and so the next step 1891 01:11:53,990 --> 01:11:53,520 is a question for dr mcheanery you 1892 01:11:56,149 --> 01:11:54,000 mentioned 1893 01:11:57,189 --> 01:11:56,159 that roman's observations will be more 1894 01:11:59,189 --> 01:11:57,199 efficient 1895 01:12:00,709 --> 01:11:59,199 than hubble's but how much more 1896 01:12:02,630 --> 01:12:00,719 sensitive if at all 1897 01:12:04,470 --> 01:12:02,640 are roman's imaging detectors versus 1898 01:12:05,750 --> 01:12:04,480 hubble's 1899 01:12:09,270 --> 01:12:05,760 actually something we talked about in 1900 01:12:12,790 --> 01:12:09,280 our setup for this 1901 01:12:14,390 --> 01:12:12,800 um so the um our actual uh detectors 1902 01:12:17,430 --> 01:12:14,400 themselves um 1903 01:12:20,070 --> 01:12:17,440 are a little bit more um uh 1904 01:12:22,310 --> 01:12:20,080 more sensitive than uh than hubble's um 1905 01:12:25,430 --> 01:12:22,320 and they extend um 1906 01:12:28,229 --> 01:12:25,440 the sensitivity extends out to slightly 1907 01:12:29,030 --> 01:12:28,239 redder uh redder wavelengths but it's 1908 01:12:38,550 --> 01:12:29,040 not um 1909 01:12:41,590 --> 01:12:40,229 if there are any further points that you 1910 01:12:43,669 --> 01:12:41,600 want to make or 1911 01:12:45,590 --> 01:12:43,679 that you would like us to answer please 1912 01:12:48,790 --> 01:12:45,600 put them in the chat i'm going to go 1913 01:12:49,430 --> 01:12:48,800 question by question um all right so 1914 01:12:51,910 --> 01:12:49,440 next up 1915 01:12:53,590 --> 01:12:51,920 from aas press office uh what is the 1916 01:12:59,030 --> 01:12:53,600 reference target guide star for the 1917 01:13:05,110 --> 01:13:02,229 uh so the coronagraph uh we have not 1918 01:13:08,709 --> 01:13:05,120 identified a set of target lists 1919 01:13:11,030 --> 01:13:08,719 yet we're working on that uh in part 1920 01:13:13,110 --> 01:13:11,040 it's because the set of target lists 1921 01:13:13,590 --> 01:13:13,120 will depend on exactly when we launch 1922 01:13:15,910 --> 01:13:13,600 and 1923 01:13:17,270 --> 01:13:15,920 exactly when the coronagraph 1924 01:13:19,990 --> 01:13:17,280 [Music] 1925 01:13:21,110 --> 01:13:20,000 will be undergoing its its technology 1926 01:13:23,430 --> 01:13:21,120 demonstration 1927 01:13:25,830 --> 01:13:23,440 so what we're doing is we're identifying 1928 01:13:28,870 --> 01:13:25,840 all the possible targets that we could 1929 01:13:29,590 --> 01:13:28,880 uh hit and there's a few dozen and for 1930 01:13:32,790 --> 01:13:29,600 each of those 1931 01:13:33,350 --> 01:13:32,800 there will be uh a nearby star that we 1932 01:13:36,790 --> 01:13:33,360 use 1933 01:13:37,430 --> 01:13:36,800 uh to uh what we call dig the dark hole 1934 01:13:39,510 --> 01:13:37,440 that is 1935 01:13:40,790 --> 01:13:39,520 make the dark hole around the star and 1936 01:13:43,830 --> 01:13:40,800 then we go to the 1937 01:13:44,790 --> 01:13:43,840 actual coronagraph uh target uh which 1938 01:13:47,189 --> 01:13:44,800 has the planet 1939 01:13:48,070 --> 01:13:47,199 and we use that uh dark hole that we've 1940 01:13:52,950 --> 01:13:48,080 dug 1941 01:13:59,430 --> 01:13:56,390 thank you all right so 1942 01:14:02,149 --> 01:13:59,440 uh question for dr reese how do 1943 01:14:04,630 --> 01:14:02,159 uh how does the uh the roman dark energy 1944 01:14:06,950 --> 01:14:04,640 survey compare with or expand upon 1945 01:14:09,990 --> 01:14:06,960 current dark energy surveys such as 1946 01:14:13,189 --> 01:14:10,000 des head decks etc 1947 01:14:15,990 --> 01:14:13,199 right um well it will have more 1948 01:14:17,830 --> 01:14:16,000 area than those for the kind of weak 1949 01:14:20,550 --> 01:14:17,840 lensing measurements um 1950 01:14:21,830 --> 01:14:20,560 it will go to higher redshifts than the 1951 01:14:25,030 --> 01:14:21,840 various supernova 1952 01:14:26,390 --> 01:14:25,040 projects um it will get a greater 1953 01:14:29,270 --> 01:14:26,400 density of galaxies 1954 01:14:29,990 --> 01:14:29,280 than the baryon acoustic oscillation 1955 01:14:33,669 --> 01:14:30,000 surveys 1956 01:14:35,430 --> 01:14:33,679 um and so we typically quantify 1957 01:14:37,270 --> 01:14:35,440 uh how good the dark energy constraints 1958 01:14:38,390 --> 01:14:37,280 will be as a what we call a figure of 1959 01:14:41,189 --> 01:14:38,400 merit which is 1960 01:14:42,229 --> 01:14:41,199 uh really the inverse of the uncertainty 1961 01:14:45,590 --> 01:14:42,239 and in that 1962 01:14:47,669 --> 01:14:45,600 measure um uh roman 1963 01:14:50,070 --> 01:14:47,679 should be a factor of 10 better than 1964 01:14:51,830 --> 01:14:50,080 anything we previously knew which 1965 01:14:53,350 --> 01:14:51,840 um you know one way of thinking about 1966 01:14:57,189 --> 01:14:53,360 that is uh 1967 01:14:58,950 --> 01:14:57,199 if uh it's just fortuitous that right 1968 01:15:00,470 --> 01:14:58,960 now dark energy looks kind of like a 1969 01:15:02,790 --> 01:15:00,480 cosmodrome constant 1970 01:15:04,470 --> 01:15:02,800 then we should have a 90 chance of 1971 01:15:07,750 --> 01:15:04,480 finding an answer 1972 01:15:10,709 --> 01:15:07,760 uh that uh allows us to separate 1973 01:15:12,149 --> 01:15:10,719 uh reality from that value if uh in fact 1974 01:15:13,110 --> 01:15:12,159 the right answer is a cosmological 1975 01:15:14,550 --> 01:15:13,120 constant then 1976 01:15:16,630 --> 01:15:14,560 every time we go back and measure a 1977 01:15:17,510 --> 01:15:16,640 factor of 10 better we'll keep getting 1978 01:15:24,149 --> 01:15:17,520 the same answer 1979 01:15:27,830 --> 01:15:24,159 and at some point we'll get tired 1980 01:15:29,910 --> 01:15:27,840 wonderful answer all right so 1981 01:15:31,590 --> 01:15:29,920 uh it seems like the great advantage of 1982 01:15:33,669 --> 01:15:31,600 ngr is in its power to 1983 01:15:35,030 --> 01:15:33,679 deliver statistics larger numbers of 1984 01:15:37,990 --> 01:15:35,040 events greater areas 1985 01:15:38,950 --> 01:15:38,000 deep deaths in shorter times larger time 1986 01:15:40,870 --> 01:15:38,960 scales 1987 01:15:42,149 --> 01:15:40,880 what is the fundamental discovery 1988 01:15:44,070 --> 01:15:42,159 potential 1989 01:15:45,510 --> 01:15:44,080 are there regimes of the universe that 1990 01:15:46,149 --> 01:15:45,520 it will be able to observe for the first 1991 01:15:48,229 --> 01:15:46,159 time 1992 01:15:49,350 --> 01:15:48,239 that uh no other observatory i'm going 1993 01:15:51,030 --> 01:15:49,360 to assume that was supposed to be 1994 01:15:53,110 --> 01:15:51,040 regions 1995 01:15:57,350 --> 01:15:53,120 that no other observatory hitherto has 1996 01:16:00,229 --> 01:15:58,630 i'll kind of float that one up and 1997 01:16:03,750 --> 01:16:00,239 whoever would like to take that can take 1998 01:16:10,790 --> 01:16:07,510 i can take a first stab at that 1999 01:16:13,910 --> 01:16:13,430 because roman will be able to simply 2000 01:16:16,149 --> 01:16:13,920 survey 2001 01:16:18,709 --> 01:16:16,159 much larger areas that means that we'll 2002 01:16:20,709 --> 01:16:18,719 get a sample of more diversity 2003 01:16:22,709 --> 01:16:20,719 right more diverse kinds of environments 2004 01:16:26,390 --> 01:16:22,719 more diverse kinds of objects 2005 01:16:29,030 --> 01:16:26,400 so for example with hubble there just 2006 01:16:31,510 --> 01:16:29,040 weren't enough orbits to you know 2007 01:16:32,310 --> 01:16:31,520 necessarily get those diverse samples 2008 01:16:34,229 --> 01:16:32,320 and so 2009 01:16:36,550 --> 01:16:34,239 you know we may discover things that 2010 01:16:38,310 --> 01:16:36,560 surprise us because they're very rare 2011 01:16:39,750 --> 01:16:38,320 and we weren't lucky enough to see them 2012 01:16:41,510 --> 01:16:39,760 before and of course we don't know what 2013 01:16:43,590 --> 01:16:41,520 those might be 2014 01:16:45,590 --> 01:16:43,600 one example that i mentioned is these 2015 01:16:46,790 --> 01:16:45,600 very massive black holes that we see at 2016 01:16:49,910 --> 01:16:46,800 early times 2017 01:16:51,350 --> 01:16:49,920 so you know we know that those exist but 2018 01:16:54,390 --> 01:16:51,360 we don't know very much 2019 01:16:55,030 --> 01:16:54,400 about um for example the black holes 2020 01:16:57,110 --> 01:16:55,040 that are 2021 01:16:58,070 --> 01:16:57,120 accreting just a little bit less rapidly 2022 01:17:03,430 --> 01:16:58,080 or a little bit 2023 01:17:05,510 --> 01:17:03,440 fainter so that that's an example 2024 01:17:07,110 --> 01:17:05,520 yeah i could uh comment on this as well 2025 01:17:09,270 --> 01:17:07,120 i find um 2026 01:17:11,189 --> 01:17:09,280 uh i mean it's a very difficult question 2027 01:17:13,350 --> 01:17:11,199 to answer because you're asking us 2028 01:17:14,550 --> 01:17:13,360 to uh we're being asked to sort of uh 2029 01:17:17,430 --> 01:17:14,560 hypothesize on 2030 01:17:18,390 --> 01:17:17,440 uh on the unknown but what really 2031 01:17:21,669 --> 01:17:18,400 excites me 2032 01:17:23,830 --> 01:17:21,679 um about uh roman is that we're 2033 01:17:25,189 --> 01:17:23,840 going to find things without looking for 2034 01:17:27,110 --> 01:17:25,199 them in the sense that the kind of 2035 01:17:28,950 --> 01:17:27,120 obstacles that we make 2036 01:17:30,390 --> 01:17:28,960 aren't i think there's an interesting 2037 01:17:32,070 --> 01:17:30,400 galaxy here and i'm going to point there 2038 01:17:33,669 --> 01:17:32,080 and make observations of that galaxy and 2039 01:17:36,550 --> 01:17:33,679 i might or there might not be something 2040 01:17:38,630 --> 01:17:36,560 um interesting there we're going to you 2041 01:17:40,630 --> 01:17:38,640 know for example have a two degree 2042 01:17:41,990 --> 01:17:40,640 region towards the galactic center that 2043 01:17:42,709 --> 01:17:42,000 we're going to go back to every 15 2044 01:17:45,669 --> 01:17:42,719 minutes 2045 01:17:46,870 --> 01:17:45,679 and while we know that that set of 2046 01:17:49,590 --> 01:17:46,880 observations are 2047 01:17:50,630 --> 01:17:49,600 going to net us a large hall of 2048 01:17:52,550 --> 01:17:50,640 exoplanets 2049 01:17:53,669 --> 01:17:52,560 that same set of observations are also 2050 01:17:56,709 --> 01:17:53,679 going to provide us 2051 01:17:58,630 --> 01:17:56,719 exquisite um measurements of the of the 2052 01:18:02,070 --> 01:17:58,640 motions of the stars uh there 2053 01:18:04,550 --> 01:18:02,080 they're going to um allow us 2054 01:18:06,310 --> 01:18:04,560 to find other things that are causing 2055 01:18:07,110 --> 01:18:06,320 this gravitational microlensing so we're 2056 01:18:10,390 --> 01:18:07,120 going to 2057 01:18:12,470 --> 01:18:10,400 measure um populations of um 2058 01:18:13,990 --> 01:18:12,480 of neutron stars that might be wandering 2059 01:18:14,709 --> 01:18:14,000 around our galaxy we've got the 2060 01:18:16,550 --> 01:18:14,719 potential 2061 01:18:18,229 --> 01:18:16,560 with those same observations to maybe 2062 01:18:21,350 --> 01:18:18,239 identify small 2063 01:18:23,990 --> 01:18:21,360 clumps of of of dark matter 2064 01:18:24,709 --> 01:18:24,000 um to some extent the phase space that 2065 01:18:27,830 --> 01:18:24,719 we open 2066 01:18:28,630 --> 01:18:27,840 with roman is going to be a function of 2067 01:18:31,750 --> 01:18:28,640 how we 2068 01:18:33,990 --> 01:18:31,760 think when you have 2069 01:18:35,510 --> 01:18:34,000 uh an observatory with this sensitivity 2070 01:18:37,189 --> 01:18:35,520 and this field of view 2071 01:18:39,590 --> 01:18:37,199 there are many different ways that we 2072 01:18:41,669 --> 01:18:39,600 can make observations that will open you 2073 01:18:43,110 --> 01:18:41,679 face space and one of the things that 2074 01:18:45,669 --> 01:18:43,120 we're looking forward to doing 2075 01:18:47,430 --> 01:18:45,679 over the next few years is working with 2076 01:18:49,910 --> 01:18:47,440 the community to try and identify 2077 01:18:52,149 --> 01:18:49,920 what are those ways that we can make 2078 01:18:55,189 --> 01:18:52,159 groundbreaking observations that 2079 01:18:58,790 --> 01:18:55,199 openness provide an opportunity for 2080 01:19:00,870 --> 01:18:58,800 the greatest number of new discoveries 2081 01:19:02,950 --> 01:19:00,880 i just wanted to uh amplify that point 2082 01:19:05,990 --> 01:19:02,960 as well that i think we're entering 2083 01:19:07,990 --> 01:19:06,000 a kind of new paradigm of uh sort of 2084 01:19:09,990 --> 01:19:08,000 astronomical instant gratification 2085 01:19:11,510 --> 01:19:10,000 you used to see something interesting 2086 01:19:12,709 --> 01:19:11,520 you know a few objects 2087 01:19:14,390 --> 01:19:12,719 and you'd say oh that's kind of 2088 01:19:15,990 --> 01:19:14,400 interesting i'm not sure if it's true 2089 01:19:17,669 --> 01:19:16,000 i'll write an observing proposal to get 2090 01:19:18,550 --> 01:19:17,679 more time to look at more of those 2091 01:19:20,390 --> 01:19:18,560 objects 2092 01:19:21,990 --> 01:19:20,400 and now whenever you see something 2093 01:19:24,149 --> 01:19:22,000 interesting you're going to be able to 2094 01:19:25,590 --> 01:19:24,159 immediately sort of download these 2095 01:19:27,189 --> 01:19:25,600 massive data sets where you can 2096 01:19:29,430 --> 01:19:27,199 basically see everything 2097 01:19:31,030 --> 01:19:29,440 and follow up on any interesting signal 2098 01:19:32,550 --> 01:19:31,040 that you see so 2099 01:19:33,830 --> 01:19:32,560 you know to me it's very exciting as a 2100 01:19:35,990 --> 01:19:33,840 scientist that we're going to be able to 2101 01:19:40,790 --> 01:19:36,000 dive right into everything you see you 2102 01:19:44,709 --> 01:19:43,510 beautiful thank you and just like 2103 01:19:47,189 --> 01:19:44,719 anything else 2104 01:19:48,950 --> 01:19:47,199 we're only as good as our sample size 2105 01:19:51,990 --> 01:19:48,960 we'll be getting it without realizing it 2106 01:19:55,270 --> 01:19:52,000 or intending to in the surrounding areas 2107 01:19:57,669 --> 01:19:55,280 all right so do the tens of thousands of 2108 01:19:58,070 --> 01:19:57,679 supernovae that the ngr telescope will 2109 01:20:00,790 --> 01:19:58,080 measure 2110 01:20:02,390 --> 01:20:00,800 include all types of supernovae or just 2111 01:20:04,390 --> 01:20:02,400 the relevant types 2112 01:20:05,990 --> 01:20:04,400 that we can use as a standard 2113 01:20:09,030 --> 01:20:06,000 cosmological candles 2114 01:20:10,870 --> 01:20:09,040 how many snla um 2115 01:20:12,390 --> 01:20:10,880 i i guess i'll i'll take a first swing 2116 01:20:14,629 --> 01:20:12,400 at this um we 2117 01:20:16,950 --> 01:20:14,639 will certainly uh observe all types of 2118 01:20:19,990 --> 01:20:16,960 supernovae the observatory is really 2119 01:20:22,470 --> 01:20:20,000 designed and really spec'd to do 2120 01:20:23,590 --> 01:20:22,480 an outstanding job on the type 1a 2121 01:20:25,350 --> 01:20:23,600 supernovae but 2122 01:20:26,950 --> 01:20:25,360 along the way we will find a core 2123 01:20:28,709 --> 01:20:26,960 collapsed supernovae 2124 01:20:30,310 --> 01:20:28,719 stars that fall directly into black 2125 01:20:31,750 --> 01:20:30,320 holes 2126 01:20:33,430 --> 01:20:31,760 if we're lucky we'll find some of these 2127 01:20:35,030 --> 01:20:33,440 parent stability supernovae 2128 01:20:37,510 --> 01:20:35,040 uh we'll be able to see supernovae at 2129 01:20:38,950 --> 01:20:37,520 greater redshifts uh which means earlier 2130 01:20:40,390 --> 01:20:38,960 back in time so 2131 01:20:42,229 --> 01:20:40,400 if we're lucky we will see some of the 2132 01:20:45,350 --> 01:20:42,239 very first supernovae 2133 01:20:46,149 --> 01:20:45,360 so-called uh supernovae that occur after 2134 01:20:48,390 --> 01:20:46,159 population 2135 01:20:50,310 --> 01:20:48,400 three stars which is uh the first 2136 01:20:51,030 --> 01:20:50,320 mythical but sort of first generation of 2137 01:20:53,350 --> 01:20:51,040 stars 2138 01:20:54,229 --> 01:20:53,360 and so we will see all types and there 2139 01:20:56,470 --> 01:20:54,239 should be enough 2140 01:20:57,669 --> 01:20:56,480 discriminating power on the observatory 2141 01:20:59,750 --> 01:20:57,679 to let us know that we are 2142 01:21:04,470 --> 01:20:59,760 indeed seeing a different type maybe 2143 01:21:10,790 --> 01:21:07,830 and i could add a little to that um that 2144 01:21:11,990 --> 01:21:10,800 the precise number of uh supernovanes 2145 01:21:14,870 --> 01:21:12,000 that we detect is 2146 01:21:17,189 --> 01:21:14,880 a a function of how we choose to take 2147 01:21:19,430 --> 01:21:17,199 the observations and we have a choice 2148 01:21:21,510 --> 01:21:19,440 between um a set of observations that 2149 01:21:24,310 --> 01:21:21,520 would know a large number of supernova 2150 01:21:26,629 --> 01:21:24,320 versus a smaller number of slightly 2151 01:21:29,590 --> 01:21:26,639 better characterized uh ones 2152 01:21:30,550 --> 01:21:29,600 um so the uh expected range of what we 2153 01:21:33,270 --> 01:21:30,560 might expect to see 2154 01:21:35,110 --> 01:21:33,280 is anywhere from a few thousand to 2155 01:21:36,629 --> 01:21:35,120 approaching twenty thousand 2156 01:21:39,030 --> 01:21:36,639 just depending on on how the 2157 01:21:43,990 --> 01:21:39,040 observations themselves are are made 2158 01:21:48,390 --> 01:21:46,709 thank you everyone um all right so it 2159 01:21:51,030 --> 01:21:48,400 looks like we have 2160 01:21:52,709 --> 01:21:51,040 another one from double aas uh question 2161 01:21:54,550 --> 01:21:52,719 for dr ferguson 2162 01:21:56,310 --> 01:21:54,560 when is roman expected to launch and how 2163 01:22:01,189 --> 01:21:56,320 much overlap in time 2164 01:22:05,350 --> 01:22:02,870 so we're hoping for somewhere around 2165 01:22:08,390 --> 01:22:05,360 2025 2166 01:22:11,830 --> 01:22:08,400 everything's uncertain these days so 2167 01:22:15,430 --> 01:22:11,840 stay tuned um the uh 2168 01:22:19,030 --> 01:22:15,440 reuben observatory is uh going online 2169 01:22:22,550 --> 01:22:19,040 hopefully in uh well actually probably 2170 01:22:26,070 --> 01:22:22,560 2021 uh with a smaller camera and then 2171 01:22:27,350 --> 01:22:26,080 the larger camera in 2022 um and as they 2172 01:22:30,470 --> 01:22:27,360 were waiting for webb 2173 01:22:33,270 --> 01:22:30,480 uh it's it is uh 2174 01:22:35,750 --> 01:22:33,280 i think i don't know i don't recall if 2175 01:22:36,149 --> 01:22:35,760 it's still officially october of 2021 2176 01:22:39,270 --> 01:22:36,159 but 2177 01:22:42,709 --> 01:22:39,280 uh 2021 2022 uh 2178 01:22:49,270 --> 01:22:42,719 depending on how things clear up um 2179 01:22:55,510 --> 01:22:53,430 okay and then they um um 2180 01:22:56,629 --> 01:22:55,520 the the lifetime of the missions of 2181 01:22:59,350 --> 01:22:56,639 course 2182 01:23:00,870 --> 01:22:59,360 the space mission you typically uh have 2183 01:23:04,070 --> 01:23:00,880 a five-year 2184 01:23:07,030 --> 01:23:04,080 maine life so webbin and uh 2185 01:23:08,229 --> 01:23:07,040 and roman are both nominally five years 2186 01:23:10,870 --> 01:23:08,239 and hopefully they will 2187 01:23:12,390 --> 01:23:10,880 outlast that uh and we'll get much 2188 01:23:16,470 --> 01:23:12,400 longer observing 2189 01:23:17,590 --> 01:23:16,480 times okay 2190 01:23:19,590 --> 01:23:17,600 i have a follow-up to one of the 2191 01:23:21,910 --> 01:23:19,600 previous questions 2192 01:23:23,270 --> 01:23:21,920 if the reference target that we use also 2193 01:23:28,790 --> 01:23:23,280 has planets 2194 01:23:32,390 --> 01:23:31,750 ah that's a that's a great question so 2195 01:23:36,149 --> 01:23:32,400 uh 2196 01:23:39,430 --> 01:23:36,159 targets that have 2197 01:23:41,590 --> 01:23:39,440 uh that we've already observed before 2198 01:23:42,550 --> 01:23:41,600 and have planets that are uh small 2199 01:23:45,669 --> 01:23:42,560 enough that they wouldn't 2200 01:23:48,390 --> 01:23:45,679 uh affect that uh so we have 2201 01:23:49,830 --> 01:23:48,400 uh coronagraphs on the ground and we 2202 01:23:51,030 --> 01:23:49,840 have a coronagraph 2203 01:23:53,110 --> 01:23:51,040 on the hubble and there will be a 2204 01:23:54,470 --> 01:23:53,120 chronograph on the james webb and so 2205 01:23:57,669 --> 01:23:54,480 we're not going to choose 2206 01:24:00,830 --> 01:23:57,679 uh um stars that we haven't uh 2207 01:24:02,629 --> 01:24:00,840 observed before to use with our our 2208 01:24:04,310 --> 01:24:02,639 coronagraph 2209 01:24:05,910 --> 01:24:04,320 in the initial uh technology 2210 01:24:08,550 --> 01:24:05,920 demonstration we may 2211 01:24:09,350 --> 01:24:08,560 uh if we use it beyond that we may go 2212 01:24:11,430 --> 01:24:09,360 searching 2213 01:24:12,790 --> 01:24:11,440 uh for stars that we don't know if they 2214 01:24:14,830 --> 01:24:12,800 have planets but in the initial 2215 01:24:20,870 --> 01:24:14,840 technology demonstration we'll make sure 2216 01:24:24,629 --> 01:24:23,830 sounds good um i don't see any further 2217 01:24:27,910 --> 01:24:24,639 questions 2218 01:24:31,590 --> 01:24:29,669 you might you mind if i jump in with a 2219 01:24:35,030 --> 01:24:31,600 couple of quick questions 2220 01:24:36,790 --> 01:24:35,040 go for it okay uh thank you um 2221 01:24:38,790 --> 01:24:36,800 so my first question is for uh dr 2222 01:24:41,669 --> 01:24:38,800 ferguson and i was wondering 2223 01:24:43,910 --> 01:24:41,679 um in the section on the key science 2224 01:24:45,830 --> 01:24:43,920 themes and specifically cosmic dawn 2225 01:24:47,430 --> 01:24:45,840 you mentioned looking at emission and 2226 01:24:49,430 --> 01:24:47,440 absorption lines 2227 01:24:51,350 --> 01:24:49,440 uh does roman have spectroscopic 2228 01:24:53,669 --> 01:24:51,360 capabilities too or will it 2229 01:24:55,189 --> 01:24:53,679 be more identifying targets for these 2230 01:24:56,790 --> 01:24:55,199 other observatories you were talking 2231 01:25:00,070 --> 01:24:56,800 about to study 2232 01:25:01,189 --> 01:25:00,080 so roman has a spectroscopic uh wide 2233 01:25:04,310 --> 01:25:01,199 field instrument 2234 01:25:06,709 --> 01:25:04,320 uh that doesn't have a 2235 01:25:07,430 --> 01:25:06,719 um it doesn't have a slit to block out 2236 01:25:10,470 --> 01:25:07,440 the sky 2237 01:25:13,270 --> 01:25:10,480 but it um it can cover a lot of area so 2238 01:25:16,950 --> 01:25:13,280 that's a very popular technique 2239 01:25:19,750 --> 01:25:16,960 more of more of a survey kind of 2240 01:25:21,189 --> 01:25:19,760 instrument and it's specifically aimed 2241 01:25:24,629 --> 01:25:21,199 at getting 2242 01:25:26,790 --> 01:25:24,639 the redshifts of galaxies that will be 2243 01:25:29,430 --> 01:25:26,800 used to map out this structure 2244 01:25:31,189 --> 01:25:29,440 uh to measure dark energy via what's 2245 01:25:33,990 --> 01:25:31,199 called acoustic baryon acoustic 2246 01:25:37,430 --> 01:25:34,000 oscillation so it's a signature 2247 01:25:40,229 --> 01:25:37,440 a strong signature of of clustering 2248 01:25:42,470 --> 01:25:40,239 that we can use as a standard ruler but 2249 01:25:44,950 --> 01:25:42,480 will also tell us about 2250 01:25:47,510 --> 01:25:44,960 sort of the evolution a little bit about 2251 01:25:49,669 --> 01:25:47,520 the evolution of galaxies through 2252 01:25:51,350 --> 01:25:49,679 studying the strengths of those lines 2253 01:25:53,750 --> 01:25:51,360 and how they evolve 2254 01:25:56,870 --> 01:25:53,760 and may also be helpful for identifying 2255 01:25:58,390 --> 01:25:56,880 what kind of supernova it is you saw 2256 01:26:02,870 --> 01:25:58,400 so i don't know if any other people want 2257 01:26:08,310 --> 01:26:05,990 well i could say um a little bit we have 2258 01:26:11,430 --> 01:26:08,320 to um we 2259 01:26:13,030 --> 01:26:11,440 as you mentioned we are spectroscopy is 2260 01:26:15,910 --> 01:26:13,040 flitless but we have two 2261 01:26:17,510 --> 01:26:15,920 um we have both grism and a prism and 2262 01:26:18,709 --> 01:26:17,520 the distinction between them is a 2263 01:26:20,629 --> 01:26:18,719 trade-off between 2264 01:26:22,470 --> 01:26:20,639 um sensitivity to narrow lines versus 2265 01:26:25,510 --> 01:26:22,480 sensitivity to broad features 2266 01:26:27,830 --> 01:26:25,520 so that we have uh one method that is 2267 01:26:29,189 --> 01:26:27,840 optimized for narrow emission lines so 2268 01:26:32,310 --> 01:26:29,199 then a second 2269 01:26:33,910 --> 01:26:32,320 uh channel that is optimized for finding 2270 01:26:40,149 --> 01:26:33,920 the more broad features that we see 2271 01:26:45,910 --> 01:26:43,510 thank you and my last question is for 2272 01:26:47,189 --> 01:26:45,920 dr somerville i was wondering when you 2273 01:26:50,550 --> 01:26:47,199 were talking about the 2274 01:26:52,470 --> 01:26:50,560 era of reionization one of the 2275 01:26:54,629 --> 01:26:52,480 key questions that you mentioned was 2276 01:26:54,950 --> 01:26:54,639 what are the sources of the photons that 2277 01:26:57,990 --> 01:26:54,960 are 2278 01:27:00,310 --> 01:26:58,000 causing the ionization 2279 01:27:02,310 --> 01:27:00,320 so are we trying to identify what types 2280 01:27:04,629 --> 01:27:02,320 of stars were involved or are there 2281 01:27:05,189 --> 01:27:04,639 other sources in addition to stars that 2282 01:27:08,390 --> 01:27:05,199 we're 2283 01:27:11,189 --> 01:27:08,400 considering so 2284 01:27:11,990 --> 01:27:11,199 um we think at this point that it was 2285 01:27:16,229 --> 01:27:12,000 probably 2286 01:27:17,110 --> 01:27:16,239 mostly stars but people sometimes make a 2287 01:27:21,590 --> 01:27:17,120 distinction 2288 01:27:24,790 --> 01:27:21,600 between the very first stars so what 2289 01:27:26,629 --> 01:27:24,800 adam mentioned the pop3 stars which form 2290 01:27:27,990 --> 01:27:26,639 out of pure hydrogen and helium and 2291 01:27:29,110 --> 01:27:28,000 might have been very massive and 2292 01:27:32,229 --> 01:27:29,120 luminous and 2293 01:27:35,270 --> 01:27:32,239 emit extra ionizing photons 2294 01:27:36,870 --> 01:27:35,280 um versus sort of normal stars stars 2295 01:27:38,950 --> 01:27:36,880 more like the stars that are around us 2296 01:27:40,149 --> 01:27:38,960 today or maybe something in between 2297 01:27:42,149 --> 01:27:40,159 right there may have been 2298 01:27:43,669 --> 01:27:42,159 a mix of of different kinds of 2299 01:27:47,270 --> 01:27:43,679 populations 2300 01:27:48,470 --> 01:27:47,280 in addition however accreting black 2301 01:27:50,709 --> 01:27:48,480 holes are also 2302 01:27:52,470 --> 01:27:50,719 very good at producing ionizing photons 2303 01:27:53,910 --> 01:27:52,480 because they produce this very high 2304 01:27:56,070 --> 01:27:53,920 energy radiation 2305 01:27:57,910 --> 01:27:56,080 now we don't think that they were common 2306 01:27:59,830 --> 01:27:57,920 enough at these early times to 2307 01:28:01,270 --> 01:27:59,840 significantly contribute to hydrogen 2308 01:28:03,830 --> 01:28:01,280 reionization but 2309 01:28:05,590 --> 01:28:03,840 you know it would be interesting to 2310 01:28:08,790 --> 01:28:05,600 better constrain the contribution also 2311 01:28:11,990 --> 01:28:08,800 coming from black holes 2312 01:28:15,350 --> 01:28:12,000 and just a little note to add to that um 2313 01:28:16,310 --> 01:28:15,360 if you'd asked people five or six years 2314 01:28:19,350 --> 01:28:16,320 ago 2315 01:28:20,550 --> 01:28:19,360 uh whether it was uh stars or early 2316 01:28:22,470 --> 01:28:20,560 galaxies 2317 01:28:24,790 --> 01:28:22,480 uh most people thought there was a a 2318 01:28:26,830 --> 01:28:24,800 crisis that things didn't add up 2319 01:28:29,189 --> 01:28:26,840 and that you just didn't have enough 2320 01:28:30,870 --> 01:28:29,199 escaping high energy photons from 2321 01:28:33,590 --> 01:28:30,880 galaxies 2322 01:28:35,830 --> 01:28:33,600 we now think that there are mostly from 2323 01:28:40,149 --> 01:28:35,840 surveys from hubble 2324 01:28:41,830 --> 01:28:40,159 but if it if that budget doesn't add up 2325 01:28:43,350 --> 01:28:41,840 as we measure it more and more precisely 2326 01:28:44,709 --> 01:28:43,360 then you need something else and that 2327 01:28:46,709 --> 01:28:44,719 something else could be something as 2328 01:28:47,430 --> 01:28:46,719 exotic as decaying dark matter which 2329 01:28:50,550 --> 01:28:47,440 would be 2330 01:28:51,270 --> 01:28:50,560 you know new fundamental physics uh so 2331 01:28:54,950 --> 01:28:51,280 you're always 2332 01:28:57,830 --> 01:28:54,960 more precise measurements to 2333 01:29:01,189 --> 01:28:57,840 to test the limits of you know do things 2334 01:29:08,870 --> 01:29:04,790 all right uh we have a follow-up in the 2335 01:29:11,590 --> 01:29:08,880 chat um for adam where do jwst 2336 01:29:13,669 --> 01:29:11,600 elt and others stand in relation to 2337 01:29:15,910 --> 01:29:13,679 roman when it comes to pinning down dark 2338 01:29:17,669 --> 01:29:15,920 energy and are you optimistic about 2339 01:29:21,590 --> 01:29:17,679 getting to the bottom of this 2340 01:29:22,790 --> 01:29:21,600 while in my lifetime my lifetime too 2341 01:29:25,270 --> 01:29:22,800 well i don't know who's asking so i 2342 01:29:28,629 --> 01:29:25,280 don't know how long their lifetime is um 2343 01:29:30,390 --> 01:29:28,639 but uh uh anyway the answer is roman is 2344 01:29:33,750 --> 01:29:30,400 just much better suited than 2345 01:29:37,270 --> 01:29:33,760 jwst or an elt to study dark energy 2346 01:29:39,990 --> 01:29:37,280 dark energy is really about measuring 2347 01:29:41,830 --> 01:29:40,000 a lot of very weak signals uh that you 2348 01:29:42,709 --> 01:29:41,840 have to add up statistically to get a 2349 01:29:46,229 --> 01:29:42,719 handle on 2350 01:29:48,550 --> 01:29:46,239 uh dark energy whereas you know jwst 2351 01:29:49,830 --> 01:29:48,560 and elt both will have small fields of 2352 01:29:53,110 --> 01:29:49,840 view they will study 2353 01:29:54,149 --> 01:29:53,120 you know intensely exciting individual 2354 01:29:57,030 --> 01:29:54,159 objects from 2355 01:29:58,310 --> 01:29:57,040 sort of the edge of time but uh they 2356 01:30:00,470 --> 01:29:58,320 won't give us that same 2357 01:30:01,590 --> 01:30:00,480 you know gulp of the universe that roman 2358 01:30:04,550 --> 01:30:01,600 will um 2359 01:30:04,950 --> 01:30:04,560 and in terms of our lifetimes um you 2360 01:30:06,790 --> 01:30:04,960 know 2361 01:30:08,470 --> 01:30:06,800 it really depends on what the answer is 2362 01:30:11,590 --> 01:30:08,480 this is one of those situations 2363 01:30:13,510 --> 01:30:11,600 if uh we managed to break 2364 01:30:15,350 --> 01:30:13,520 the current uh understanding of dark 2365 01:30:16,070 --> 01:30:15,360 energy that it's not the cosmological 2366 01:30:17,669 --> 01:30:16,080 constant 2367 01:30:19,430 --> 01:30:17,679 uh that could happen very soon it could 2368 01:30:22,390 --> 01:30:19,440 happen after the launch of roman 2369 01:30:23,510 --> 01:30:22,400 or or one of the other uh observatories 2370 01:30:24,950 --> 01:30:23,520 like reuben and that would be 2371 01:30:26,790 --> 01:30:24,960 tremendously exciting 2372 01:30:28,310 --> 01:30:26,800 if uh it continues to look like a 2373 01:30:31,830 --> 01:30:28,320 cosmological constant 2374 01:30:33,110 --> 01:30:31,840 uh then as i described at some point um 2375 01:30:35,430 --> 01:30:33,120 you know we will be beaten into 2376 01:30:37,030 --> 01:30:35,440 submission in uh seeing that and 2377 01:30:43,590 --> 01:30:37,040 you know i can't give exactly the time 2378 01:30:50,950 --> 01:30:47,590 okay let's see 2379 01:30:53,510 --> 01:30:50,960 um can the panel briefly talk about how 2380 01:30:54,870 --> 01:30:53,520 such a vast archive of data immediately 2381 01:30:56,870 --> 01:30:54,880 available will provide 2382 01:31:07,030 --> 01:30:56,880 opportunities for scientists from 2383 01:31:12,470 --> 01:31:10,229 i'll take a stab at that um so 2384 01:31:13,990 --> 01:31:12,480 we had a really interesting talk at the 2385 01:31:18,149 --> 01:31:14,000 conference this morning 2386 01:31:21,430 --> 01:31:18,159 by dara norman who is pointing out 2387 01:31:24,790 --> 01:31:21,440 what a huge force for inclusion and 2388 01:31:27,910 --> 01:31:24,800 equity it will be to have these archives 2389 01:31:28,550 --> 01:31:27,920 of science-ready data products so this 2390 01:31:32,470 --> 01:31:28,560 will 2391 01:31:34,229 --> 01:31:32,480 really remove many of the barriers to 2392 01:31:35,910 --> 01:31:34,239 access that are currently there for 2393 01:31:37,669 --> 01:31:35,920 people who might be at smaller 2394 01:31:39,669 --> 01:31:37,679 institutions or people who might not 2395 01:31:42,229 --> 01:31:39,679 have the specialized background 2396 01:31:42,950 --> 01:31:42,239 to do a specific kind of data processing 2397 01:31:44,709 --> 01:31:42,960 and really just 2398 01:31:46,149 --> 01:31:44,719 enable a huge amount of science and 2399 01:31:48,629 --> 01:31:46,159 hopefully get more 2400 01:31:49,750 --> 01:31:48,639 people and more diverse kinds of people 2401 01:31:51,590 --> 01:31:49,760 from all over the world 2402 01:31:54,550 --> 01:31:51,600 involved in doing science so i think 2403 01:31:56,629 --> 01:31:54,560 it's extremely positive 2404 01:31:57,669 --> 01:31:56,639 i've got a follow-up question if i may 2405 01:32:00,950 --> 01:31:57,679 rachel 2406 01:32:03,430 --> 01:32:00,960 um what there's 2407 01:32:04,310 --> 01:32:03,440 mass is a amount of data that's going to 2408 01:32:08,550 --> 01:32:04,320 come from 2409 01:32:15,189 --> 01:32:11,750 what what is the plan for uh 2410 01:32:17,510 --> 01:32:15,199 for cutting edge software to manage 2411 01:32:18,790 --> 01:32:17,520 and to search through and to data mine 2412 01:32:24,629 --> 01:32:18,800 these 2413 01:32:30,070 --> 01:32:27,590 i i used to work for the archive space 2414 01:32:30,390 --> 01:32:30,080 telescope many years ago but i no longer 2415 01:32:32,870 --> 01:32:30,400 do 2416 01:32:34,229 --> 01:32:32,880 so i am not a person to answer that 2417 01:32:36,390 --> 01:32:34,239 question but maybe 2418 01:32:37,830 --> 01:32:36,400 someone else on our panel can i'll take 2419 01:32:40,390 --> 01:32:37,840 a hack at it um 2420 01:32:41,110 --> 01:32:40,400 i mean you've identified a big challenge 2421 01:32:48,229 --> 01:32:41,120 um 2422 01:32:53,750 --> 01:32:51,669 the side of the the project that uh 2423 01:32:55,590 --> 01:32:53,760 sort of runs the the mission and the 2424 01:32:56,950 --> 01:32:55,600 data management we will be producing 2425 01:32:58,870 --> 01:32:56,960 standard products 2426 01:33:00,790 --> 01:32:58,880 that hopefully are ready for science 2427 01:33:02,550 --> 01:33:00,800 meaning that they will have a catalog 2428 01:33:03,430 --> 01:33:02,560 they'll have images that are cleaned of 2429 01:33:06,870 --> 01:33:03,440 the 2430 01:33:10,390 --> 01:33:06,880 detector signatures and things like that 2431 01:33:14,709 --> 01:33:10,400 um but the sort of mining of the data 2432 01:33:17,990 --> 01:33:14,719 um where you say okay i i would like to 2433 01:33:22,390 --> 01:33:18,000 um query 2434 01:33:24,870 --> 01:33:22,400 every pixel in some new way 2435 01:33:26,870 --> 01:33:24,880 um that that's something that really the 2436 01:33:29,669 --> 01:33:26,880 community has to 2437 01:33:30,629 --> 01:33:29,679 figure out how to do um and it's not 2438 01:33:33,350 --> 01:33:30,639 just for 2439 01:33:34,950 --> 01:33:33,360 for roman but for reuben which has a 2440 01:33:38,390 --> 01:33:34,960 data volume that's 2441 01:33:41,110 --> 01:33:38,400 you know much much larger um that it 2442 01:33:43,189 --> 01:33:41,120 we don't yet know of a way to enable 2443 01:33:46,790 --> 01:33:43,199 people to look at every pixel 2444 01:33:48,390 --> 01:33:46,800 uh in in any you know 2445 01:33:49,669 --> 01:33:48,400 computationally challenging way because 2446 01:33:51,910 --> 01:33:49,679 they're just too many pixels it takes 2447 01:33:54,550 --> 01:33:51,920 too much computation 2448 01:33:55,990 --> 01:33:54,560 but we may be able to use machine 2449 01:33:59,350 --> 01:33:56,000 learning techniques 2450 01:34:01,430 --> 01:33:59,360 to enable that um and it's something we 2451 01:34:02,790 --> 01:34:01,440 you know we as an astronomy community 2452 01:34:05,030 --> 01:34:02,800 have to work on 2453 01:34:07,189 --> 01:34:05,040 to just to figure out you know how to 2454 01:34:10,310 --> 01:34:07,199 attack this volume of data 2455 01:34:11,430 --> 01:34:10,320 um so yeah there are lots of ideas 2456 01:34:14,470 --> 01:34:11,440 floating out there 2457 01:34:17,990 --> 01:34:14,480 about how you might approach it um 2458 01:34:21,510 --> 01:34:18,000 but there is not a one pat solution 2459 01:34:24,149 --> 01:34:21,520 to that thank you just add 2460 01:34:25,910 --> 01:34:24,159 it's a fabulous problem to have that you 2461 01:34:33,189 --> 01:34:25,920 have so much high quality data that you 2462 01:34:35,430 --> 01:34:33,199 don't know how to manage it 2463 01:34:39,350 --> 01:34:35,440 it's the best problem to have given what 2464 01:34:45,109 --> 01:34:41,990 and the mast archives i think does a 2465 01:34:48,390 --> 01:34:45,119 phenomenal job with a lot of that um 2466 01:34:50,070 --> 01:34:48,400 can we i don't see any more questions 2467 01:34:53,270 --> 01:34:50,080 from the audience if you have anything 2468 01:34:54,950 --> 01:34:53,280 pop it in but i'll defer to christine on 2469 01:34:58,470 --> 01:34:54,960 whether we should or should not or if 2470 01:35:01,910 --> 01:35:01,189 uh yep there being no further questions 2471 01:35:03,430 --> 01:35:01,920 uh 2472 01:35:05,990 --> 01:35:03,440 we are going to go ahead and wrap up the 2473 01:35:07,870 --> 01:35:06,000 workshop um i want to 2474 01:35:09,270 --> 01:35:07,880 thank our speakers for their 2475 01:35:11,990 --> 01:35:09,280 presentations 2476 01:35:13,430 --> 01:35:12,000 i thought they were very enlightening um 2477 01:35:16,229 --> 01:35:13,440 thank you to 2478 01:35:16,629 --> 01:35:16,239 you grant and thomas our tech team and 2479 01:35:19,430 --> 01:35:16,639 uh 2480 01:35:21,270 --> 01:35:19,440 thank you to everyone who tuned in um i 2481 01:35:23,030 --> 01:35:21,280 just want to remind you that 2482 01:35:25,030 --> 01:35:23,040 as i think i mentioned at the start this 2483 01:35:27,990 --> 01:35:25,040 workshop is going to be archived here 2484 01:35:28,870 --> 01:35:28,000 on youtube uh we'll be re-uploading a 2485 01:35:31,590 --> 01:35:28,880 fresh video 2486 01:35:33,510 --> 01:35:31,600 um so that will go to the hubble channel 2487 01:35:35,669 --> 01:35:33,520 and you can also find more information 2488 01:35:39,510 --> 01:35:35,679 about the roman space telescope online